ochratoxin A

CHEBI:7719 EXACT SEEDED enzyme inhibitor

What these status tags mean

Curation status describes a workflow state. SEEDED means the record entered through the source-seeding workflow; it does not imply that no later curation occurred. PROPOSED marks an addition awaiting review; REVIEWED records curator sign-off on identity, structure, filing class and producer claims; DEPRECATED retains a superseded or out-of-scope record. These are workflow decisions, not independently verified human review. Agent-assisted contributions may appear in the record history.

Grounding describes the identifier mapping: EXACT uses an ontology identity asserted by the source; MINTED keeps a local identifier when no defensible ontology identity is available; REVIEW_NEEDED flags an exact structure whose ontology identity needs adjudication. The grounding note retains any unresolved alternatives. These tags do not establish the strength of producer or activity evidence.

A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin α). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.

Structure

Standard InChIKey	RWQKHEORZBHNRI-BMIGLBTASA-N
SMILES	[H][C@@](CC1=CC=CC=C1)(NC(=O)C1=C(O)C2=C(C[C@@]([H])(C)OC2=O)C(Cl)=C1)C(O)=O
Stereochemistry	fully defined
Cross-references	pubchem:442530, npatlas:NPA016066

Filing pathway

Shikimates and phenylpropanoids — computed by NPClassifier npclassifier.gnps2.org@2026-09-07, which is why it is pinned rather than recomputed. The gene cluster's asserted class is nrps, pks, from MIBiG.

Producer organisms 7

A claim that this taxon makes the compound. The basis says what the evidence addressed — a knockout and a database assertion are not the same claim.

Taxon	Basis	Cluster	Evidence
Penicillium nordicum NCBITaxon:229535	SOURCE_ASSERTION	mibig:BGC0001030	DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.018
Aspergillus westerdijkiae NCBITaxon:357447	SOURCE_ASSERTION	mibig:BGC0002598	PMID:33652337
Aspergillus carbonarius NCBITaxon:40993	SOURCE_ASSERTION	mibig:BGC0002605	PMID:29324288
Aspergillus niger NCBITaxon:5061	SOURCE_ASSERTION	mibig:BGC0002606	PMID:29324288
Aspergillus westerdijkiae NCBITaxon:357447	SOURCE_ASSERTION	mibig:BGC0002607	PMID:29324288
Aspergillus steynii NCBITaxon:306088	SOURCE_ASSERTION	mibig:BGC0002608	PMID:29324288
Aspergillus welwitschiae NCBITaxon:1341132	SOURCE_ASSERTION	mibig:BGC0002609	PMID:27667988

Occurrences 11

Somebody found the compound in this organism and cited it. That is not a claim that the organism makes it, and nothing here promotes one to the other.

Taxon	Source	Reference
Aspergillus melleus NCBITaxon:138277	LOTUS	DOI:10.1007/S10295-003-0048-Y
Aspergillus ochraceus NCBITaxon:40380	LOTUS	DOI:10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00316-8
Aspergillus ochraceus NCBITaxon:40380	LOTUS	DOI:10.1038/171524B0
Aspergillus ochraceus NCBITaxon:40380	LOTUS	DOI:10.1039/J39700000278
Aspergillus ochraceus NCBITaxon:40380	LOTUS	DOI:10.1039/JR9650007083
Penicillium verrucosum NCBITaxon:60171	LOTUS	DOI:10.1016/S0953-7562(10)80017-6
Glycyrrhiza uralensis NCBITaxon:74613	LOTUS	DOI:10.1016/J.FOODCONT.2012.11.028
Penicillium nordicum NCBITaxon:229535	LOTUS	DOI:10.1016/J.SYAPM.2005.03.008
Aspergillus westerdijkiae NCBITaxon:357447	LOTUS	DOI:10.1016/J.IJFOODMICRO.2021.109113
Aspergillus niger NCBITaxon:5061	LOTUS	DOI:10.1128/AEM.60.7.2650-2652.1994
Aspergillus niger NCBITaxon:5061	LOTUS	DOI:10.3389/FMICB.2016.01412

Biosynthetic gene clusters 7

Accession	Host	Locus evidence	Genome
mibig:BGC0001030	Penicillium nordicum NCBITaxon:229535	CLUSTER_UNSTATED	genbank:MG701895.1
mibig:BGC0002598	Aspergillus westerdijkiae NCBITaxon:357447	CLUSTER_UNSTATED	genbank:MW526246.1
mibig:BGC0002605	Aspergillus carbonarius NCBITaxon:40993	CLUSTER_UNSTATED	genbank:MG701890.1
mibig:BGC0002606	Aspergillus niger NCBITaxon:5061	CLUSTER_UNSTATED	genbank:MG701892.1
mibig:BGC0002607	Aspergillus westerdijkiae NCBITaxon:357447	CLUSTER_UNSTATED	genbank:MG701896.1
mibig:BGC0002608	Aspergillus steynii NCBITaxon:306088	CLUSTER_UNSTATED	genbank:MG701897.1
mibig:BGC0002609	Aspergillus welwitschiae NCBITaxon:1341132	CLUSTER_UNSTATED	genbank:KX267735.1

A locus claim and a taxon claim are different questions. Heterologous expression settles the first and leaves the second where the isolation report left it.

Mechanism & Biosynthesis Overview

Bioactivities 25

Entries preserve source qualifiers, targets and evidence. Repeated assay names or values are not independent replications; inspect source detail for differences.

Explore across X-Mech

AntibioticMech (ochratoxin A) ↗ MediaIngredientMech (CHEBI:7719) ↗ TaxonMech: Penicillium nordicum (NCBITaxon:229535) ↗ TaxonMech: Aspergillus westerdijkiae (NCBITaxon:357447) ↗ TaxonMech: Aspergillus carbonarius (NCBITaxon:40993) ↗ TaxonMech: Aspergillus niger (NCBITaxon:5061) ↗ PathwayMech (mibig:BGC0001030) ↗ PathwayMech (mibig:BGC0002598) ↗ PathwayMech (mibig:BGC0002605) ↗

Open questions 1

shared-structure — This structure is reported by more than one MIBiG entry: BGC0001030, BGC0002598, BGC0002605, BGC0002606, BGC0002607, BGC0002608, BGC0002609. Confirm they describe the same compound rather than an upstream cross-reference error.

Provenance

Source concept	Source	Version
BGC0001030	MIBIG	3
BGC0002598	MIBIG	2
BGC0002605	MIBIG	2
BGC0002606	MIBIG	2
BGC0002607	MIBIG	2
BGC0002608	MIBIG	2
BGC0002609	MIBIG	2
CHEBI:7719	CHEBI	3-star

This page is generated from data/natural_products/shikimates_and_phenylpropanoids/ochratoxin-a.yaml, which is generated from the committed inventories. Neither is edited by hand.

Assay	Result	Target enzyme	Source detail
P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	OTHER 11.3762 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	Not recorded	PMID:31515284 assay P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen evidence reference PMID:31515284 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1346987, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 11.3762 units uM
Primary qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Recombinant Selenoprotein Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (GPX1)	OTHER 22.2073 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:1845191 assay Primary qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Recombinant Selenoprotein Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (GPX1) evidence reference pubchem.aid:1845191 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1845191, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 22.2073 units uM
Primary qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Recombinant Selenoprotein Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (GPX1)	OTHER 22.2073 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	UniProtKB:P07203	pubchem.aid:1845191 assay Primary qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Recombinant Selenoprotein Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (GPX1) evidence reference pubchem.aid:1845191 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1845191, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 22.2073 units uM target enzyme UniProtKB:P07203
Primary qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Recombinant Selenoprotein Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4)	OTHER 12.4881 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:1845192 assay Primary qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Recombinant Selenoprotein Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) evidence reference pubchem.aid:1845192 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1845192, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 12.4881 units uM
Primary qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Recombinant Selenoprotein Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4)	OTHER 12.4881 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	UniProtKB:P36969	pubchem.aid:1845192 assay Primary qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Recombinant Selenoprotein Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) evidence reference pubchem.aid:1845192 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1845192, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 12.4881 units uM target enzyme UniProtKB:P36969
Primary qHTS for inhibitors of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) in an RCH-ACV wild type WT cells (2C)	OTHER 6.3586 uM; ACTIVE	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:1645877 assay Primary qHTS for inhibitors of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) in an RCH-ACV wild type WT cells (2C) evidence reference pubchem.aid:1645877 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1645877, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source endpoint: Potency. call ACTIVE measurement type OTHER value 6.3586 units uM activity class ENZYME_INHIBITOR
Primary qHTS for inhibitors of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) in an RCH-ACV wild type WT cells (2C)	OTHER 6.3586 uM; ACTIVE	UniProtKB:O96028	pubchem.aid:1645877 assay Primary qHTS for inhibitors of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) in an RCH-ACV wild type WT cells (2C) evidence reference pubchem.aid:1645877 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1645877, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source endpoint: Potency. call ACTIVE measurement type OTHER value 6.3586 units uM target enzyme UniProtKB:O96028 activity class ENZYME_INHIBITOR
Primary qHTS for inhibitors of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) in an isogenic RCH-ACV NSD2 p.E1099K mutant (9B)	OTHER 8.9817 uM; ACTIVE	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:1645876 assay Primary qHTS for inhibitors of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) in an isogenic RCH-ACV NSD2 p.E1099K mutant (9B) evidence reference pubchem.aid:1645876 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1645876, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source endpoint: Potency. call ACTIVE measurement type OTHER value 8.9817 units uM activity class ENZYME_INHIBITOR
Primary qHTS for inhibitors of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) in an isogenic RCH-ACV NSD2 p.E1099K mutant (9B)	OTHER 8.9817 uM; ACTIVE	UniProtKB:O96028	pubchem.aid:1645876 assay Primary qHTS for inhibitors of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) in an isogenic RCH-ACV NSD2 p.E1099K mutant (9B) evidence reference pubchem.aid:1645876 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1645876, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source endpoint: Potency. call ACTIVE measurement type OTHER value 8.9817 units uM target enzyme UniProtKB:O96028 activity class ENZYME_INHIBITOR
Primary qHTS for small molecule compounds that upregulate eGFP-tagged delta133p53alpha (in N-terminal) cells.	OTHER 26.2496 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:2060322 assay Primary qHTS for small molecule compounds that upregulate eGFP-tagged delta133p53alpha (in N-terminal) cells. evidence reference pubchem.aid:2060322 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 2060322, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 26.2496 units uM
Primary qHTS for small molecule compounds that upregulate eGFP-tagged delta133p53alpha (in N-terminal) cells.	OTHER 26.2496 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:2060322 assay Primary qHTS for small molecule compounds that upregulate eGFP-tagged delta133p53alpha (in N-terminal) cells. evidence reference pubchem.aid:2060322 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 2060322, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. Target accession NP_001119587 was left ungrounded because PubChem did not provide a UniProtKB accession. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 26.2496 units uM
Primary qHTS to identify anti-liver cancer compounds using libraries of approved drugs and bioactive compounds	OTHER 3.5481 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:2202548 assay Primary qHTS to identify anti-liver cancer compounds using libraries of approved drugs and bioactive compounds evidence reference pubchem.aid:2202548 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 2202548, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 3.5481 units uM
VP16 counterscreen qHTS for inhibitors of ROR gamma transcriptional activity	OTHER 22.3872 uM; ACTIVE	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:2546 assay VP16 counterscreen qHTS for inhibitors of ROR gamma transcriptional activity evidence reference pubchem.aid:2546 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 2546, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source endpoint: Potency. Target accession NP_035411 was left ungrounded because PubChem did not provide a UniProtKB accession. call ACTIVE measurement type OTHER value 22.3872 units uM activity class ENZYME_INHIBITOR
Viability qHTS for spleen associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYKi) drug resistant MV4-11 cells	OTHER 0.2858 uM; ACTIVE	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:1963824 assay Viability qHTS for spleen associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYKi) drug resistant MV4-11 cells evidence reference pubchem.aid:1963824 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1963824, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source endpoint: Potency. call ACTIVE measurement type OTHER value 0.2858 units uM
Viability qHTS for spleen associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYKi) drug resistant MV4-11 cells	OTHER 0.2858 uM; ACTIVE	UniProtKB:P43405	pubchem.aid:1963824 assay Viability qHTS for spleen associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYKi) drug resistant MV4-11 cells evidence reference pubchem.aid:1963824 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1963824, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source endpoint: Potency. call ACTIVE measurement type OTHER value 0.2858 units uM target enzyme UniProtKB:P43405
Viability qHTS for spleen associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYKi) naive MV4-11 cells	OTHER 0.7178 uM; ACTIVE	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:1963823 assay Viability qHTS for spleen associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYKi) naive MV4-11 cells evidence reference pubchem.aid:1963823 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1963823, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source endpoint: Potency. call ACTIVE measurement type OTHER value 0.7178 units uM
Viability qHTS for spleen associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYKi) naive MV4-11 cells	OTHER 0.7178 uM; ACTIVE	UniProtKB:P43405	pubchem.aid:1963823 assay Viability qHTS for spleen associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYKi) naive MV4-11 cells evidence reference pubchem.aid:1963823 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1963823, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source endpoint: Potency. call ACTIVE measurement type OTHER value 0.7178 units uM target enzyme UniProtKB:P43405
qHTS Assay for Identification of Novel General Anesthetics	OTHER 25.1189 uM; INACTIVE	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:485281 assay qHTS Assay for Identification of Novel General Anesthetics evidence reference pubchem.aid:485281 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 485281, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source endpoint: Potency. Target accession 3F32_A was left ungrounded because PubChem did not provide a UniProtKB accession. call INACTIVE measurement type OTHER value 25.1189 units uM
qHTS Assay for Identifying the Cell-Membrane Permeable IMPase Inhibitors: Potentiation with Lithium	OTHER 17.7828 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	UniProtKB:P97697	pubchem.aid:1457 assay qHTS Assay for Identifying the Cell-Membrane Permeable IMPase Inhibitors: Potentiation with Lithium evidence reference pubchem.aid:1457 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1457, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 17.7828 units uM target enzyme UniProtKB:P97697
qHTS Assay for Inhibitors and Activators of Human alpha-Galactosidase From Spleen Homogenate	OTHER 35.4813 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:2107 assay qHTS Assay for Inhibitors and Activators of Human alpha-Galactosidase From Spleen Homogenate evidence reference pubchem.aid:2107 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 2107, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. Target accession CAA29232 was left ungrounded because PubChem did not provide a UniProtKB accession. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 35.4813 units uM
qHTS Assay for Inhibitors and Activators of Human alpha-Glucosidase From Spleen Homogenate	OTHER 35.4813 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:2112 assay qHTS Assay for Inhibitors and Activators of Human alpha-Glucosidase From Spleen Homogenate evidence reference pubchem.aid:2112 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 2112, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. Target accession NP_000143 was left ungrounded because PubChem did not provide a UniProtKB accession. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 35.4813 units uM
qHTS Assay for Inhibitors and Activators of N370S glucocerebrosidase as a Potential Chaperone Treatment of Gaucher Disease	OTHER 31.6228 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:2101 assay qHTS Assay for Inhibitors and Activators of N370S glucocerebrosidase as a Potential Chaperone Treatment of Gaucher Disease evidence reference pubchem.aid:2101 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 2101, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. Target accession BAA02545 was left ungrounded because PubChem did not provide a UniProtKB accession. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 31.6228 units uM
qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1A1)	OTHER 31.6228 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:1030 assay qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1A1) evidence reference pubchem.aid:1030 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1030, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. Target accession AAP35567 was left ungrounded because PubChem did not provide a UniProtKB accession. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 31.6228 units uM
qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of HPGD (15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase)	OTHER 28.1838 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:894 assay qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of HPGD (15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase) evidence reference pubchem.aid:894 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 894, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. Target accession NP_000851 was left ungrounded because PubChem did not provide a UniProtKB accession. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 28.1838 units uM
qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Human alpha-Galactosidase at pH 4.5.	OTHER 19.9526 uM; NOT_DETERMINED	Not recorded	pubchem.aid:1467 assay qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Human alpha-Galactosidase at pH 4.5. evidence reference pubchem.aid:1467 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION notes PubChem BioAssay AID 1467, deposited by NCGC; assay type Confirmatory. Source outcome: Inconclusive. Source endpoint: Potency. Target accession CAA29232 was left ungrounded because PubChem did not provide a UniProtKB accession. call NOT_DETERMINED measurement type OTHER value 19.9526 units uM notes 31 further PubChem assay results are in data/raw/pubchem_bioassay.tsv but not written here.