β-carotene
CHEBI:17579 EXACT SEEDED antiviralcytotoxicenzyme inhibitor
A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid.
Structure
| Standard InChIKey | OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N |
|---|---|
| SMILES | CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C=C(/C=C/C=C(/C=C/C2=C(CCCC2(C)C)C)\C)\C)/C)/C |
| Stereochemistry | fully defined |
| Cross-references | pubchem:5280489 |
Filing pathway
Terpenoids — computed by NPClassifier npclassifier.gnps2.org@2026-09-07, which is why it is pinned rather than recomputed. The gene cluster's asserted class is terpene, from MIBiG.
Producer organisms 0
None. The compound has a characterized gene cluster whose host NCBI does not name, which for an uncultured symbiont is the honest state — see the discussion below.
Occurrences 25
Somebody found the compound in this organism and cited it. That is not a claim that the organism makes it, and nothing here promotes one to the other.
| Taxon | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Mus musculus NCBITaxon:10090 |
CHEBI | PMID:19425150 |
| Epicoccum nigrum NCBITaxon:105696 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1042/BJ1060097 |
| Lonicera japonica NCBITaxon:105884 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1042/BJ0510458 |
| Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus NCBITaxon:105886 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1007/BF00576204 |
| Hibiscus syriacus NCBITaxon:106335 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1021/JF60182A030 |
| Rhodomicrobium vannielii NCBITaxon:1069 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.18-0643 |
| Ascidia zara NCBITaxon:107392 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/0305-0491(85)90174-9 |
| Cladonia gracilis NCBITaxon:111668 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/0305-1978(85)90064-X |
| Cladonia rangiferina NCBITaxon:111670 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/0305-1978(85)90064-X |
| Artemia monica NCBITaxon:112778 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.2331/FISHSCI.65.173 |
| Equisetum palustre NCBITaxon:113538 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/0305-1978(85)90030-4 |
| Cetrariella delisei NCBITaxon:115238 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/0305-1978(87)90002-0 |
| Spirulina NCBITaxon:1154 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1080/01635588809513979 |
| Spirulina NCBITaxon:1154 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1080/01635589309514236 |
| Planktothrix agardhii NCBITaxon:1160 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81568-X |
| Planktothrix agardhii NCBITaxon:1160 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85703-9 |
| Ianthella flabelliformis NCBITaxon:1162769 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/0305-1978(89)90042-2 |
| Medicago saxatilis NCBITaxon:119392 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/0305-1978(75)90058-7 |
| Psidium guajava NCBITaxon:120290 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1021/JF980405R |
| Lilium tenuifolium NCBITaxon:1218746 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00661-X |
| Murraya euchrestifolia NCBITaxon:1224773 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/0031-9422(91)85313-O |
| Azadirachta indica NCBITaxon:124943 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97156-5 |
| Azadirachta indica NCBITaxon:124943 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97305-9 |
| Navicula delognei NCBITaxon:1259760 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1021/NP50035A010 |
| Euglena sanguinea NCBITaxon:130315 |
LOTUS | DOI:10.1016/0305-1978(93)90088-9 |
Biosynthetic gene clusters 1
| Accession | Host | Locus evidence | Genome |
|---|---|---|---|
| mibig:BGC0000646 | not named | CLUSTER_DEMONSTRATED | genbank:FJ151553.1 |
A locus claim and a taxon claim are different questions. Heterologous expression settles the first and leaves the second where the isolation report left it.
Bioactivities 25
| Assay | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| A quantitative high throughput screen for small molecules that induce DNA re-replication in SW480 colon adenocarcinoma cells. | 2.6609 uM | pubchem.aid:624297 |
| BET inhibitor-based combinations targeting novel dependencies in MECOM-rearranged (r) AML: HNT-34 cell line | 37.1975 uM | pubchem.aid:2202234 |
| BET inhibitor-based combinations targeting novel dependencies in MECOM-rearranged (r) AML: MV-4-11 cell line | 23.47 uM | pubchem.aid:2202233 |
| BET inhibitor-based combinations targeting novel dependencies in MECOM-rearranged (r) AML: OCI-AML3 cell line | 18.6429 uM | pubchem.aid:2202232 |
| Cellular viability qHTS for anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cell line THJ-16T | 5.5059 uM | pubchem.aid:2202551 |
| Confirmatory qHTS for inhibitors of NSP2Pro chikungunya virus (CHIKV) | 8.9552 uM | pubchem.aid:1964105 |
| High Throughput Screening for Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Antivirals | 5.0119 uM | pubchem.aid:1159524 |
| Late stage assay provider counterscreen results for the probe development effort to identify inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) core protein dimerization: Absorbance-based cell-based assay to identify compounds that are cytotoxic to Huh-7.5 cells | 24.7 uM | pubchem.aid:485280 |
| Late stage assay provider counterscreen results for the probe development effort to identify inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) core protein dimerization: Luminescence-based biochemical AlphaScreen assay to identify inhibitors of HCV core dimerization | IC50 34.8 uM | pubchem.aid:463085 |
| Late stage results for the probe development effort to identify inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) core protein dimerization: TR-FRET-based biochemical dose response assay for HCV core inhibitors | IC50 49.751 uM | pubchem.aid:2488 |
| Primary qHTS for inhibitors of NSP2Pro chikungunya virus (CHIKV) | 6.2365 uM | pubchem.aid:1964107 |
| Primary qHTS for inhibitors of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) in an RCH-ACV wild type WT cells (2C) | 18.6429 uM | pubchem.aid:1645877 |
| Primary qHTS for inhibitors of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) in an RCH-ACV wild type WT cells (2C) | 18.6429 uM | pubchem.aid:1645877 |
| Primary qHTS for inhibitors of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) in an isogenic RCH-ACV NSD2 p.E1099K mutant (9B) | 23.47 uM | pubchem.aid:1645876 |
| Primary qHTS for inhibitors of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) in an isogenic RCH-ACV NSD2 p.E1099K mutant (9B) | 23.47 uM | pubchem.aid:1645876 |
| Primary qHTS to identify anti-liver cancer compounds using libraries of approved drugs and bioactive compounds | 35.4813 uM | pubchem.aid:2202548 |
| S16 Schwann cell PMP22 intronic element beta-lactamase assay | 12.5797 uM | pubchem.aid:624044 |
| Selectivity profile for inhibitors of NSP2Pro chikungunya virus (CHIKV): Full length NSP2 enzyme counterscreen (CHIKV-NSP2) | 18.3362 uM | pubchem.aid:1964101 |
| Selectivity profile for inhibitors of NSP2Pro chikungunya virus (CHIKV): Papain Counterscreen | 18.3362 uM | pubchem.aid:1964104 |
| TR-FRET-based biochemical high-throughput dose response assay to identify inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) core protein dimerization. | IC50 29.693 uM | pubchem.aid:2159 |
| Viability qHTS for spleen associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYKi) drug resistant MV4-11 cells | 18.6429 uM | pubchem.aid:1963824 |
| Viability qHTS for spleen associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYKi) drug resistant MV4-11 cells | 18.6429 uM | pubchem.aid:1963824 |
| Viability qHTS for spleen associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYKi) naive MV4-11 cells | 23.47 uM | pubchem.aid:1963823 |
| Viability qHTS for spleen associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SYKi) naive MV4-11 cells | 23.47 uM | pubchem.aid:1963823 |
| qHTS Assay for Inhibitors of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1A1) | 35.4813 uM | pubchem.aid:1030 |
Open questions 2
name-disagreement — ChEBI calls this structure 'β-carotene' and MIBiG calls it 'β-carotein'. They share a Standard InChIKey, so if the names denote different compounds then one upstream record has the wrong structure. Check which.
unnamed-producer — No producer claim is written from BGC0000646, which gives NCBITaxon:77133 (uncultured bacterium — shared by every unplaced bacterium), because the taxon names no single organism. The cluster is kept: a characterized locus is an origin assertion whether or not its host has a name, and for a compound from an uncultured symbiont that is the honest state. Name the producer if the primary literature does.
Provenance
| Source concept | Source | Version |
|---|---|---|
| BGC0000646 | MIBIG | 5 |
| CHEBI:17579 | CHEBI | 3-star |
This page is generated from data/natural_products/terpenoids/carotene.yaml, which is generated from the committed inventories. Neither is edited by hand.