AntibioticMech

itraconazole

CHEBI:6076 ·resolve ·ANTIFUNGAL ·EXACT SEEDED

An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(±)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis. — ChEBI

Machine-generated and unreviewed. Identity, structure and cross-references come straight from ChEBI's and CARD's own data; no curator has signed off on this record yet.

Classification

triazole antifungalARO:3007499

Strictly broader compounds or drug classes this molecule belongs to.

Chemical structure

Computed structure properties
Molecular formulaC35H38Cl2N8O4
Charge0
Average mass705.647 Da
Monoisotopic mass704.23931 Da
SourceChEBI
InChIKeyVHVPQPYKVGDNFY-ZPGVKDDISA-N

SMILES

CCC(C)n1ncn(-c2ccc(N3CCN(c4ccc(OC[C@H]5CO[C@](Cn6cncn6)(c6ccc(Cl)cc6Cl)O5)cc4)CC3)cc2)c1=O

InChI

InChI=1S/C35H38Cl2N8O4/c1-3-25(2)45-34(46)44(24-40-45)29-7-5-27(6-8-29)41-14-16-42(17-15-41)28-9-11-30(12-10-28)47-19-31-20-48-35(49-31,21-43-23-38-22-39-43)32-13-4-26(36)18-33(32)37/h4-13,18,22-25,31H,3,14-17,19-21H2,1-2H3/t25?,31-,35-/m0/s1

Also called

Cross-references

Equivalent identifiers for this same structure in other resources.

Activity roles

Every antimicrobial role a source asserts for this compound — the unreduced evidence behind its antimicrobial_class.

Source concepts

Every upstream concept that resolved to this record. The merge is the product: this is what shows ChEBI and CARD are describing the same structure.

Upstream concepts merged into this record
SourceNative IDLabelMinted CURIEVersion
ARO ARO:3007511 itraconazole antibioticmech:aro-47bcb54181 2026-08-30
CHEBI CHEBI:6076 itraconazole antibioticmech:chebi-126890f8e2 2026-08-30

Mechanism summary

Mode of action
ERGOSTEROL_PATHWAY_INHIBITION host shared target — Assigned from ChEBI role CHEBI:75282 (ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor). ChEBI asserts the role on the compound. The target it names is one the host has too, so the mechanism is true but is not evidence of selectivity — see mode_of_action_target_scope. Not a curator's mechanistic review.
Clinical status
APPROVED

Resistance mechanisms

54 known routes by which microbes resist this compound, grounded in ARO where CARD models them. Grouped by mechanism type — expand a group to see its determinants.

ANTIBIOTIC_TARGET_ALTERATION 24
ANTIBIOTIC_TARGET_ALTERATION
DeterminantARO IDOrganismGene familiesEvidence
Aspergillus awamori Cyp51a with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009507 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009507 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Aspergillus flavus Cyp51A with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009495 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009495 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Aspergillus flavus Cyp51c with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009282 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009282 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Aspergillus fumigatus Hmg1 with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009236 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009236 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Aspergillus fumigatus Hmg2 with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009368 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009368 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Aspergillus fumigatus ase1 with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009273 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009273 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Aspergillus fumigatus cyp51a with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009202 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009202 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Aspergillus spp. Hmg1 with mutations conferring resistance to triazoles antibiotics ARO:3007670 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3007670 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Aspergillus spp. cyp51A with mutations conferring resistance to triazoles antibiotics ARO:3007565 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3007565 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Aspergillus terreus cyp51a with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009206 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009206 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Aspergillus tubingensis Cyp51a with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009509 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009509 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans Cyp51 with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009527 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009527 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans Cyp51a with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009505 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009505 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans Erg11 with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009219 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009219 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida auris ERG11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009393 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009393 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida orthopsilosis ERG11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009580 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009580 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida spp. ERG11 with mutations conferring resistance to azole antibiotics ARO:3007524 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3007524 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida spp. cyp51A1 with mutations conferring resistance to triazoles and imidazole antibiotics ARO:3007666 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3007666 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida tropicalis Erg11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009583 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009583 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Colletotrichum truncatum cyp51a with mutations associated with resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009217 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009217 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Cryptococcus neoformans Erg11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009586 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009586 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Nakaseomyces glabratus FKS1 beta-1,3-glucan synthase with mutations associated with resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009614 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009614 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Nakaseomyces glabratus FKS2 beta-1,3-glucan synthase with mutations associated with resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009618 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009618 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009589 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009589 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
UNKNOWN 21
UNKNOWN
DeterminantARO IDOrganismGene familiesEvidence
Aspergillus fumigatus HapE with mutations associated with resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009294 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009294 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
CYP51A transformant(CM2627-CYP51Apromoter(2x34bp tandem repeat) and CM2627-CYP51A(L98H)) (transformant) [Overexpression] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain CM237 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:17371828 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
Candida albicans TAC1 with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009428 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009428 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
ERG11(Y132F F145L) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 NCBITaxon:237561
UniProtKB:P10613 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
ERG3delta (deletion) associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 NCBITaxon:237561
UniProtKB:Q59VG6 C1_04770C_A-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:28630186 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1133; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
ERG3delta (deletion) associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Candida parapsilosis NCBITaxon:5480
strain Unknown strain NCBITaxon:578454
UniProtKB:G8B7T4
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:28630186 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:8772; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
HapE transformant(Isolate3-HapE(P88L)) (transformant) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain akuBKU80 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WDM9
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:23226235 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:8691; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
algAdelta (deletion) associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain A1160C NCBITaxon:451804
UniProtKB:B0XYD8
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:27799210 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:8688; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cox10 transformant(W004-cox10(R243Q)) (transformant) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain A1160C NCBITaxon:451804
UniProtKB:B0Y628
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:27799210 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:8689; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cyp51A transformant(H10-1-50A-cyp51A(N22D)) (transformant) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain CEA17 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:15504870 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cyp51A transformant(H10-2-50A-cyp51A(M220I)) (transformant) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain CEA17 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:15504870 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cyp51A transformant(W601-cyp51A(F219L)) (transformant) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain A1160C NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:27799210 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cyp51A(G54E) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain CM237 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:12604551 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cyp51A(G54E) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain H11-20 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:12709346 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cyp51A(G54K) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain H11-20 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:12709346 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cyp51A(G54R) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain ND158 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:12543662 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cyp51A(G54R) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain H11-20 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:12709346 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cyp51A(G54W) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain ND158 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:12543662 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cyp51A(M220K) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain CM237 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:15215142 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cyp51A(M220T) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain CM237 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:15215142 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
cyp51A(M220V) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to itraconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism.
Aspergillus fumigatus NCBITaxon:746128
strain CM237 NCBITaxon:330879
UniProtKB:Q4WNT5 Afu4g06890-T
PHIPO:0000675
  • PMID:15215142 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1837; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
Cell growth assay
ANTIBIOTIC_EFFLUX 9
ANTIBIOTIC_EFFLUX
DeterminantARO IDOrganismGene familiesEvidence
Aspergillus fumigatus MDR3 with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009452 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009452 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Aspergillus fumigatus MDR4 with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009453 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009453 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans MDR1 with mutations conferring resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009448 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009448 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Cryptococcus neoformans AFR1 with mutations conferring resistance against itraconazole ARO:3009434 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009434 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Trychophyton rubrum Mdr2 with mutations associated with resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009253 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009253 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Trychophyton rubrum Mdr3 with mutations associated with resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009255 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009255 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Trychophyton rubrum Mdr5 with mutations associated with resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009259 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009259 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Trychophyton rubrum Mfs1 with mutations associated with resistance to itraconazole ARO:3009262 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009262 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
fungal MDR ARO:3009425 not organism-specific
  • ARO:3009425 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007511 (itraconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

Curation history

  1. SEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-30 · seed_from_sources

    Seeded from data/raw/ inventories (ARO, CHEBI)

  2. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-30 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  3. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-30 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  4. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  5. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  6. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  7. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-09-02 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  8. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-09-03 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  9. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-09-03 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

Provenance

Seeded by scripts/seed_from_sources.py from the committed inventories in data/raw/. View the record.