Other Transformations Mechanisms

Acidic, metal- and sulfate-bearing drainage generated when mining exposes sulfide-bearing materials to oxidation. This record denotes the heterogeneous liquid mine-derived feed, distinct from natural ore, individual dissolved elements, coal-mine-drainage treatment solids, and isolated precipitate phases. The characterized Brazilian copper-mine and South African mining-facility waters below are separate source-specific samples, not a universal composition or interchangeable reactor feed. No constituent criticality designation or industrial recovery performance is transferred to this resource.

Albite is the triclinic sodium feldspar mineral with ideal formula NaAlSi3O8. The September 2026 IMA list marks it grandfathered (G; historical year 1815), not with a numbered approval accession. It is distinct from the feldspar commodity, the potassium-feldspar family, other plagioclase compositions and mixed ores containing albite. The accepted dissolution evidence concerns source-identified Amelia clevelandite under abiotic laboratory conditions; neither microbial activity nor criticality is inferred from elemental composition.

Amblygonite is the fluorine-dominant lithium aluminium phosphate mineral with ideal formula LiAl(PO4)F, distinct from hydroxyl-dominant montebrasite and from lithium as an element. Natural crystals form a substituted F/OH series rather than necessarily pure endmembers. Groat2003 provides primary neutron-diffraction and NMR evidence for this series, including F-rich natural specimens. Triclinic P-1 and the centered C-1 convention describe settings of the same structure. A separate thesis reports heating of a natural specimen labelled amblygonite, but its mixed starting material and conflicting fluorine estimates straddle the species boundary. The thermal observation is retained only for that author-assigned specimen, not as a universal amblygonite decomposition threshold, microbial mechanism or lithium recovery yield.

Ameghinite is the approved sodium-borate mineral NaB3O3(OH)4, IMA1966-034, in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list. The original Tincalayu, Salta, Argentina specimens contained ameghinite nodules separated from surrounding borax by tincalconite. The 1967 chemical aliquot retained an optically estimated two percent tincalconite; its analysis is not a pure end-member composition. Dal Negro, Martin Pozas and Ungaretti's 1975 single-crystal study established a C2/c structure with isolated triborate units, each containing one boron tetrahedron and two triangles, linked through sodium coordination and hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen positions were found in difference-Fourier maps; the study did not supply a new bulk chemical assay of its fragment. The distinct sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate produced in Xiong et al.'s 2017 borax experiments was described as an ameghinite polymorph and possible precursor, not as experimentally demonstrated formation of ameghinite. This mineral species is distinct from elemental boron and the borates commodity; criticality and microbial activity are not inferred.

Anatase is the TiO2 mineral species listed by IMA-CNMNC in September 2026 with approved status A and the designation 1962 s.p. The latter denotes a special procedure, not a numbered approval identifier. Anatase is distinct from rutile and brookite despite their common ideal formula, and from elemental titanium, titanium-bearing ores and unspecified TiO2 nanoparticles. The curated experiment concerns a manufactured anatase counterpart produced using engineered bacterial biomass, a soluble titanium reagent and subsequent heat treatment. It does not establish microbial formation of natural anatase, dissolution of a natural titanium mineral or recovery of titanium from an ore or waste. No constituent-derived criticality is asserted.

• Escherichia coli

Andersonite is the sodium calcium uranyl carbonate hydrate mineral with the September 2026 IMA formula Na2Ca(UO2)(CO3)3(H2O)6. Its grandfathered status G and original-description year 1951 are not an approval accession. A natural Cane Springs Canyon specimen studied in 2018 was refined in trigonal R-3m with 5.3 H2O per formula unit, distinct from the ideal six-water formula and from synthetic preparations. The authors proposed variable channel-water occupancy and a (5+x)H2O formulation; that proposal does not replace the current IMA formula here. This mineral is distinct from elemental uranium and a uranium commodity. No criticality designation, microbial process or industrial recovery is inferred.

Anhydrite is the grandfathered calcium sulfate mineral species CaSO4, distinct from gypsum, bassanite, elemental calcium or sulfur, and mixed industrial residues such as phosphogypsum and titanogypsum. This owner describes the anhydrous proposed product in a disputed microbial gypsum-dehydration experiment, not a proven biologically recovered product. The same primary experiments are cross-represented in cmmmech:gypsum; their occurrence in two mineral owners does not create independent replication. Mineral identity is established separately from the contested mechanism. No constituent criticality, industrial deployment or recovery yield is asserted.

• Chroococcidiopsis
• Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Annabergite is the grandfathered hydrated nickel arsenate mineral with ideal composition Ni3(AsO4)2·8H2O, a vivianite-group member. It is distinct from elemental nickel, other end members, mixed-metal natural specimens and synthetic laboratory analogues. The experiments curated here used synthetic material; natural crystals can contain substitutions and color alone does not determine end-member identity. No criticality designation or microbial extraction claim is inferred from the constituent metal.

Argentojarosite is the silver ferric hydroxysulfate mineral with ideal formula AgFe3(SO4)2(OH)6, with ferric iron. The September 2026 IMA list records it as redefined, 1987 s.p. It is distinct from potassium jarosite and from silver ions, metallic silver or a generic industrial jarosite precipitate. Mukherjee's 2013 Ohio State MSc thesis identified synthetic argentojarosite following silver-nitrate addition to an iron-oxidizing culture's ferric sulfate and poorly crystalline ferric precipitates. The thesis explicitly separates the biological iron-oxidation step from the subsequent abiotic precipitation step. Silver-bearing solids and relative diffraction crystallinity are not measures of silver recovery from an ore or waste, absolute product purity or microbial precipitation necessity. No constituent-element criticality is inherited.

• Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Artinite is the hydrated basic magnesium carbonate mineral Mg2(CO3)(OH)2(H2O)3, conventionally Mg2(CO3)(OH)2·3H2O. The September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list gives grandfathered status and original-description year 1902; that year is not an approval identifier. Artinite is distinct from dypingite, hydromagnesite, nesquehonite, magnesium metal and mixed carbonate binders. The curated evidence is laboratory abiotic dissolution and precipitation, without inherited constituent criticality or a demonstrated microbial recovery mechanism.

Naturally occurring basaltic geological material, represented here by six heterogeneous drill-core specimens from ICDP HSDP2, Hilo, Hawaii: basaltic flows, basaltic hyaloclastites and pillow basalts. This resource is not a single mineral species, pure basaltic glass, an elemental metal or a recovered commodity. The specimens contain different proportions of glass, primary silicates and secondary alteration phases. The source's manufactured BAS glasses are experimental analogues and are not the natural feed represented by this record. No constituent criticality designation is inherited.

• Paraburkholderia fungorum

Becquerelite is a calcium uranyl oxide hydroxide hydrate mineral, Ca(UO2)6O4(OH)6·8H2O in the September 2026 IMA list. Its status is grandfathered G; 1922 is the original-description year, not an IMA approval accession. The mineral is distinct from elemental uranium, schoepite, other uranyl oxide hydrates and Sr-exchanged synthetic derivatives. The accepted dissolution experiment used synthesized becquerelite crystals, not an ore or a natural field population. Surface morphology and later spectroscopy support a restricted laboratory dissolution and secondary-precipitation account; they do not establish microbial activity, criticality, bulk uranium recovery efficiency or industrial deployment.

Billietite is the barium uranyl oxide hydroxide hydrate mineral Ba(UO2)6O4(OH)6(H2O)8, distinct from elemental uranium, barium commodities and other uranyl oxide hydrates. The September 2026 IMA list gives grandfathered status G; 1947 is its original-description year, not an approval accession. Finch and colleagues refined a natural Shaba, Democratic Republic of Congo crystal in orthorhombic Pbn21, with two distinct uranyl polyhedral sheets linked by barium and interlayer water. Their eight-water refinement supersedes the incomplete four-water structural model discussed in that paper. Hydrogen bonding was inferred from geometry and bond valence; it was not a direct localization of all hydrogen atoms. The natural crystal used for structure refinement and the specimens used for surface experiments are separate evidence populations. No criticality, microbial mechanism or industrial recovery is inferred.

Bismuth (Bi), represented as an element distinct from bismuth subsalicylate, dissolved bismuth and intracellular Bi-bearing material. A laboratory Fusarium isolate accumulated Bi while growing on bismuth subsalicylate. The accumulated material was associated with phosphorus-rich granules, without an identified mineral phase or established Bi oxidation-state change. The United States 2025 designation names the bismuth commodity and does not automatically apply to every compound or resource.

• Fusarium sp. BI

Bismuthinite is the orthorhombic Bi2S3 mineral species, listed with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1832 in the September 2026 IMA list. It is distinct from elemental bismuth, bismuth oxides, bismuth selenides or tellurides, and an uncharacterized material described only by nominal Bi2S3 composition. The experiment below concerns a synthetic phase assigned to bismuthinite by powder XRD, not a natural ore feed. No constituent criticality designation or microbial activity is inferred.

Böhmite, commonly spelled boehmite in the experimental literature, is the orthorhombic aluminium oxyhydroxide mineral AlO(OH), commonly designated gamma-AlOOH. It is distinct from diaspore, the Al(OH)3 polymorphs, elemental aluminium, heterogeneous bauxite and the broad refined alumina commodity. The September 2026 IMA list gives grandfathered status and original-description year 1927, not a unique approval accession. The curated evidence concerns chemically synthesized nanoscale boehmite; no microbial mechanism, constituent criticality or industrial recovery performance is inferred.

Boltwoodite is a potassium-bearing uranyl silicate hydrate mineral, distinct from sodium-dominant natroboltwoodite and elemental uranium. The September 2026 IMA list gives (K0.63Na0.37)(UO2)(SiO3OH)(H2O)1.5, status G and original-description year 1956; the year is not an approval accession. This listed composition is not imposed on every specimen. Burns's 1998 natural crystal from near Rössing, Namibia, refined in monoclinic P21/m with structural formula (K0.56Na0.42)[(UO2)(SiO3OH)](H2O)1.5. The formula reflects partially occupied interlayer sites; water in the accompanying microprobe table was calculated from stoichiometry. Vochten and colleagues instead studied synthetic potassium-rich material and reported an ideal one-water formula and empirical 1.30 waters per formula unit. Its preparation, transformation and aqueous-release experiments below retain that source-specific material identity. No criticality, microbial mechanism or industrial recovery claim is inferred.

Boracite is the Mg3B7O13Cl mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1789. That year is not a sequential approval identifier. The species is distinct from the broader boracite group, trembathite, congolite, hydroboracite, elemental boron and the borates commodity. The Mg-rich natural specimens below contain Fe substitution; neither their chemistry nor their phase-transition temperatures represent a chemically pure synthetic Mg endmember. No criticality designation or microbial activity is inferred from the mineral's boron content.

Borax is the Na2B4O5(OH)4(H2O)8 mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with grandfathered status G. The list leaves its original description year and original locality unresolved; no sequential IMA approval identifier is assigned here. Its structural formula is equivalent in bulk composition to sodium tetraborate decahydrate, Na2B4O7·10H2O. This species is distinct from elemental boron, the borates commodity, manufactured products sold as borax, tincalconite, kernite and anhydrous sodium tetraborate phases. Nishiyasu and Kyono's thermal experiments characterized commercial reagent and recrystallized material, not a natural ore or an industrial recovery operation. Their borax single-crystal refinements were monoclinic C2/c. No commodity criticality or microbial activity is inherited.

The element B, distinct from boric acid, borate ions, borate mineral species and commercial borates. The unqualified boron entry in Annex II of the original EU 2024 critical-raw-materials regulation is mapped to this element; the separately metallurgy-qualified strategic entry is not broadened here.

• Streptomyces

A natural anhydrous carbonate mineral with the IMA-CNMNC September 2026 formula (Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5. It is grandfathered; the listed 1953 value is an original-description year, not an IMA approval accession. This record denotes the mineral species, not the entire burbankite group, its constituent elements, or a carbonatite ore. Pecora and Kerr (1953) characterized natural hexagonal burbankite from calcite-rich veins at the Vermiculite Prospects, Big Sandy Creek, Bearpaw Mountains, Montana. Powder and single-crystal diffraction support the mineral characterization. Their chemical preparation remained about 96 percent burbankite by grain count, with about 3 percent ancylite and 1 percent other minerals; Table 2 separately gives the impure analysis and an impurity-adjusted calculation. The corrected chemistry is not a direct pure-phase measurement. The authors reported vigorous effervescence in cold dilute (1:5) HCl, but did not establish a leaching yield, rate or isolated rare-earth product. Observed weathering assemblages contained several minerals and do not resolve a unique reaction pathway. A later synthetic Na-Ca-La carbonate with burbankite structure is treated below as an experimental analogue, not as the measured composition of these natural specimens. No dated criticality designation or microbial mechanism is asserted.

Cattiite is the highly hydrated magnesium phosphate mineral listed as Mg3(PO4)2(H2O)18·4H2O in the September 2026 IMA list, with approval2000-032; this has22 waters per formula unit, conventionally Mg3(PO4)2·22H2O. It is distinct from bobierrite, less-hydrated magnesium phosphates, elemental magnesium/phosphorus and mixed recovered fertilizers. The original natural material was assigned to the 1A2 polytype, with preparation-sensitive diffraction and dehydration limits. No microbial mechanism or constituent criticality is inferred from its natural occurrence or chemical transformations.

Cavansite is a hydrated calcium vanadyl silicate mineral, Ca(V4+O)(Si4O10)(H2O)4, approved as IMA 1967-019 and retained in the September 2026 IMA list. It is a distinct species from pentagonite despite their related composition. The primary Oregon description and later natural-crystal work support a porous silicate framework containing vanadyl groups, calcium and water. Pcmn in the original description and Pnma in the 2012 study are different settings of the same orthorhombic space-group type, with the a and c axes interchanged. The 2009 proposed H3O+/OH-bearing formula is disputed by the 2012 hydrogen-bond refinement, and is not substituted for the current IMA formula. Natural-crystal heating experiments support protocol-dependent abiotic dehydration, without a microbial mechanism, mineral-specific recovery yield or industrial deployment. No criticality designation is inherited from vanadium or other constituents.

Cerianite-(Ce) is the cubic cerium dioxide mineral, with ideal formula CeO2. The IMA-CNMNC September 2026 list records renamed status Rn and the 1987 special-procedure action, not a sequential approval number. Natural material can contain thorium; this does not establish thorium in the experimental synthetic analogue. The accepted experiment produces a minor CeO2 phase by heating a fungal-conditioned phosphate/oxalate precursor, not by direct living-cell precipitation of cerianite. Elemental cerium criticality is not inherited by this mineral.

Cesium (caesium; Cs), represented as an element distinct from Cs(I) salts, radioactive isotopes, pollucite mineral and cesium-bearing commodities or wastes. A laboratory study measured Cs retained by washed Bifidobacterium adolescentis biomass after growth in non-radioactive cesium chloride. The US 2025 critical-mineral designation names the cesium commodity; it does not designate every cesium compound or imply deployment of a microbial recovery process.

• Bifidobacterium adolescentis

Chlorapatite is the chlorine-dominant apatite mineral species Ca5(PO4)3Cl, distinct from hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, pyromorphite, generic apatite and mixed phosphate-rock resources. The September 2026 IMA list marks it renamed with 2010 s.p.; this special-procedure notation is not a new-mineral accession. The accepted experiment used a characterized synthetic analogue as a bacterial nutrient-source comparison. Its findings are not inherited from the pyromorphite dissolution arm or from elemental phosphorus criticality.

• Pseudomonas putida

Chromium-bearing collagenous shavings generated during leather manufacture after chrome tanning, represented here by wet-blue tannery waste from Poland. This processing residue is distinct from tannery wastewater-treatment sludge, tanning liquors, elemental chromium and purified collagen. The accepted laboratory evidence concerns yeast-associated matrix bioconversion and chromium partitioning, not an isolated chromium product or industrial deployment. Constituent criticality is not inherited.

• Yarrowia lipolytica

Churchite-(Y) is the hydrated yttrium phosphate mineral species Y(PO4)(H2O)2, listed with renamed status in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC master list. Its 1987 special-procedure year is not a unique approval accession. It is distinct from elemental yttrium, anhydrous xenotime-(Y), and an unidentified rare-earth phosphate precipitate. Laboratory synthesis and irradiation of a characterized synthetic YPO4·2H2O analogue support the abiotic processes below. Neither a microbial formation mechanism nor criticality inherited from yttrium is assigned. These experiments do not demonstrate extraction from an ore, isolated-element recovery, or industrial operation.

Naturally occurring layered iron-manganese oxide and oxyhydroxide deposits on exposed marine rock surfaces, commonly seamounts. This resource identity covers the cobalt-bearing, predominantly hydrogenetic crusts formed by accumulation from seawater; it does not denote every hydrothermal encrustation. The heterogeneous crust material is distinct from sediment-hosted polymetallic nodules, constituent cobalt or manganese elements, a pure mineral species, and a processing residue. Maciąg et al. characterize crusts and their altered basalt interfaces from Dirck Hartog Ridge; their sample-specific mineral mixtures are not a universal formula or grade. Collection and physical preparation do not make this geological resource secondary. The laboratory mechanism below records conditional redistribution of cobalt and nickel in whole-crust microcosms; it does not establish a specific receiving phase, a purified metal product or industrial deployment. The resource inherits no constituent criticality.

Coffinite is the uranium-bearing silicate mineral listed by IMA-CNMNC in September 2026 as U(SiO4)·nH2O, with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1956. That year is not a numbered mineral approval. Coffinite is distinct from uraninite, dissolved uranium, uranium-bearing ores and synthetic mixtures that merely contain uranium and silicon. The variable water term is not a measured hydration number for every specimen. Suzuki et al. (2016) identified natural coffinite nanoparticles in the L3 calcium-carbonate layer of a fracture-filling vein from borehole 07MI07 at the Mizunami Underground Laboratory, Japan. Elemental mapping, selected-area electron diffraction and lattice imaging support their assignment; the particles occur with aluminosilicate and contain other elements including phosphorus, zirconium and yttrium. The authors' proposed microbial origin is an interpretation of a natural setting, not a controlled organism-specific formation experiment. The separate laboratory mechanism below concerns newly formed coffinite on a prepared UO2 pellet, not bioleaching of that natural vein or testing of irradiated spent fuel. No criticality designation is inherited from elemental uranium, and no isolated-metal yield or industrial operation is asserted.

Compreignacite is the potassium uranyl oxide hydroxide hydrate mineral K2(UO2)6O4(OH)6(H2O)7, approved as IMA 1964-026 and listed with status A in September 2026. It is distinct from elemental uranium, uranium commodities and the synthetic sodium analogue called Na-compreignacite. Burns refined natural type-locality material from Margnac, Haute-Vienne, France in orthorhombic Pnnm; partially occupied interlayer potassium and water sites support the revised seven-water formula. The dissolution study below used synthetic K-bearing material represented with eight waters and a nonideal measured U:K ratio. Its preparation is not silently equated with ideal natural material. No criticality, microbial mechanism or industrial deployment is inferred.

Heterogeneous residue generated during electrolytic refining of copper, containing feed-dependent mixtures of copper, precious metals, metalloids and other constituents. The studied Guixi-smelter material contained arsenic, antimony and bismuth together with copper, silver, selenium, tellurium, gold and lead. This owner denotes the refinery residue, not a mineral species, elemental copper, a standardized commodity, furnace flue dust, or the downstream copper autoclave slime already represented separately. Composition and processing behavior of the Guixi sample are not universal specifications. No criticality designation is inherited from its constituents.

Corkite is the lead ferric sulfate-phosphate hydroxide mineral with ideal formula PbFe3(SO4)(PO4)(OH)6, distinct from arsenate-bearing beudantite, plumbojarosite, pyromorphite and elemental lead. The September 2026 IMA list records its redefinition by special procedure in 1987. Ferrenti et al. (2023) synthesized corkite-bearing powders and characterized their structure and thermal behavior. The best products remained mixed with approximately 9.5 weight percent Pb5(PO4)3Cl; refined phase fractions are not synthesis yield or absolute purity. The authors favor centrosymmetric R-3m from combined diffraction and vibrational evidence, whereas the Handbook lists R3m for natural material. Both diffraction models fit similarly, and substitution, disorder and sample differences remain relevant. The accepted processes are laboratory abiotic synthesis and thermal alteration, without microbial activity, recovered-metal product or industrial demonstration. Criticality is not inherited from constituent elements.

Crandallite is the calcium aluminium phosphate mineral CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6, distinct from strontium-dominant goyazite, the broader crandallite group and mixed phosphorite resources. Primary evidence supports laboratory abiotic synthesis and partial thermal dehydroxylation of crandallite-bearing preparations. Natural crandallite was also identified in mixed Croatian phosphorite, but the associated microbial observations do not establish a crandallite-specific extraction or formation mechanism. No mineral criticality, industrial recovery, fertilizer performance or microbial recovery yield is asserted.

Cryptomelane is a potassium-bearing manganese oxide mineral, with ideal formula K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 in the September 2026 IMA list. The list marks it approved (A), with the literal number/year field "1982 s.p. ?"; this special-procedure notation is not a verified YYYY-NNN approval accession. It is distinct from manganese as an element, manganese ore as a mixed resource, and other tunnel manganese oxides. This record separates chemically prepared potassium-bearing cryptomelane-assigned products from the cryptomelane-like domains of a sodium-rich synthetic analogue. Neither experiment below establishes microbial cryptomelane production. No manganese or nickel commodity criticality is inherited.

Curite is the lead uranyl oxide hydroxide hydrate mineral with the IMA formula Pb3+x[(UO2)4O4+x(OH)3-x]2(H2O)2, distinct from elemental uranium, lead commodities and synthetic strontium analogues. The September 2026 IMA list gives grandfathered status G; 1921 is its original-description year, not an approval accession. A natural Shinkolobwe crystal was refined in orthorhombic Pnma in 2019. Hydroxyl hydrogen positions were refined from X-ray data, whereas water orientations required Torque calculations; these are not wholly independent experimental determinations of all hydrogen positions. Slight lead nonstoichiometry and a proposed local hydroxyl/oxide charge-balance mechanism remain distinguished from directly resolved substitution. Natural structural evidence and synthetic surface experiments concern separate specimens. No criticality designation, microbial mechanism or industrial recovery is inferred.

Digenite is a distinct copper sulfide mineral, listed as Cu1.8S by the September 2026 IMA list and as Cu9S5 in the Handbook of Mineralogy. IMA status is approved through 1962 special procedure, not a numbered approval accession. It is distinct from anilite, djurleite, chalcocite, covellite, copper element and mixed copper ores. The curated laboratory study uses synthesized digenite and chemical ferric sulfate; neither constituent criticality nor microbial activity is inferred.

The element Er, distinct from its dissolved ions, experimental nitrate salt, host minerals and manufactured materials. The dated US designation concerns the named erbium mineral commodity, without transferring criticality to every Er-bearing substance. The curated laboratory experiment documents element in harvested cyanobacterial biomass, not a resolved uptake pathway, purified metal recovery or industrial deployment.

• Limnospira platensis

Erythrite is the grandfathered hydrated cobalt arsenate mineral with ideal composition Co3(AsO4)2·8H2O, a vivianite-group member. It is distinct from elemental cobalt, other end members, mixed-metal natural specimens and synthetic laboratory analogues. The experiments curated here used synthetic material; natural crystals can contain substitutions and color alone does not determine end-member identity. No criticality designation or microbial extraction claim is inferred from the constituent metal.

Ferricopiapite is the triclinic ferric-iron member of the copiapite group, ideally Fe(III)2/3Fe(III)4(SO4)6(OH)2·20H2O. The September 2026 IMA list recognizes it as a grandfathered species, distinct from mixed-valence copiapite and other copiapite-group minerals. The accepted original demonstrates abiotic preparation and acid-solution calorimetry of a characterized synthetic sample with nonideal composition and a minor unidentified impurity. It supplies no microbial synthesis or metal-recovery yield.

Florencite-(Ce) is the cerium-dominant aluminium phosphate mineral CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6. It is distinct from other florencite species, the broader crandallite group, cerium as an element and mixed coal wastes containing REE-bearing particles. Li and colleagues (2022) synthesized a cerium phosphate preparation assigned to florencite by powder diffraction and morphology, then examined solid composition after alkaline treatment and subsequent acid leaching. These are abiotic laboratory experiments on a synthetic analogue. Changes in SEM-EDS composition support a qualified preferential-leaching interpretation; they do not quantify a mineral-specific extraction or isolated-product yield. The same article's bulk coal-waste recovery percentages and particle classifications are not transferred to this mineral. Microbial activity, criticality and industrial deployment are unrecorded.

The element F, distinct from fluoride anion, molecular fluorine, individual organofluorine compounds, fluorite mineral and the fluorspar commodity. Australia's explicitly named Fluorine entry is mapped to the element; its comparative footnote about US and EU fluorspar does not establish elemental-fluorine criticality in those jurisdictions.

• Pseudomonas putida

The element Gd, distinct from its dissolved ions, experimental nitrate salt, host minerals and manufactured materials. The dated US designation concerns the named gadolinium mineral commodity, without transferring criticality to every Gd-bearing substance. The curated laboratory experiment documents element in harvested cyanobacterial biomass, not a resolved uptake pathway, purified metal recovery or industrial deployment.

• Limnospira platensis

Germanium (Ge), grounded by the neutral-atom ChEBI identifier. This element is distinct from the GeO2 reagent and dissolved germanium species used in the experiments, germanium-bearing minerals and coal wastes. The US 2025 list names the germanium commodity; its designation is mapped to this element without extending it to every germanium-bearing material.

• Pseudomonas putida

Gibbsite is the monoclinic aluminium hydroxide mineral Al(OH)3, distinct from bayerite and other Al(OH)3 polymorphs, aluminium oxyhydroxides, elemental aluminium, the alumina commodity and heterogeneous bauxite. The September 2026 IMA list reports approved status with the special-procedure entry 1962 s.p.; this is not a unique numbered mineral accession. The curated experiment concerns abiotic dissolution of synthetic gibbsite nanoplates. No mineral-specific criticality designation, microbial mechanism or industrial recovery performance is inferred. The separate Lee and Fein 2000 bacterial-dissolution lead remains uncurated pending inspectable full primary evidence, tracked in CMMMech issue 219.

Ginorite is the grandfathered calcium borate species listed as Ca2B14O20(OH)6(H2O)3·2H2O in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list. Its 1934 entry is a description year, not an approval identifier. The older Ca2[B14O20(OH)6]·5H2O formula has the same elemental stoichiometry. A natural Sasso Pisano crystal studied by Perchiazzi et al. has a monoclinic P21/a structure with borate sheets, calcium sites and hydrogen bonding; three water molecules per formula unit coordinate calcium and two do not. Hydrogen positions were refined with O-H distance restraints. The study's tabulated chemical analyses came from earlier publications, while its own preliminary SEM/EDAX screen found strontium below detection. This species is distinct from strontioginorite, elemental boron and the borates commodity. Neither a criticality designation nor microbial extraction or commercial recovery is inferred from its boron content.

Processing-derived residual material from gold production, distinct from unprocessed gold ore, elemental gold, individual mineral species and isolated rare-earth products. The curated experiment concerns one air-dried, sieved batch obtained from the Mouteh Gold Factory tailings dam. It supports qualified chemical pretreatment and culture-associated praseodymium, cerium and europium mobilization at laboratory scale; its composition and behavior do not define all gold-mine tailings. No criticality designation is inherited from constituents.

• Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans

Goldmanite is the calcium-vanadium garnet mineral with ideal formula Ca3V3+2(SiO4)3, status A and approval 1963-003 in the September 2026 IMA list. It is distinct from elemental vanadium, generic vanadium-bearing garnet and mixed uranium-vanadium ore. Moench and Meyrowitz described fine natural grains from a prospect pit in the Sandy mine area, Laguna district, New Mexico. The chemically analyzed separate was a substituted garnet, calculated as 59.8 mole percent goldmanite endmember with grossular, andradite, pyrope and spessartite components; this is a composition calculation, not a phase fraction or recovery yield. Its total vanadium was reported as V2O3, but the authors explicitly could not determine vanadium and iron valences chemically and inferred trivalence from crystal chemistry. Earlier unusually high vanadium assays may have included spinel contamination. The ideal species formula therefore does not describe every natural grain as a pure endmember. Abiotic laboratory syntheses are documented below. No criticality designation is inherited from vanadium, and these studies do not establish microbial extraction or industrial recovery.

Gowerite is the Ca(H2O)[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3]·2H2O mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with approved status A and special-procedure notation 1962 s.p.; the notation is not a unique approval identifier. The older CaO·3B2O3·5H2O and Ca[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3]·3H2O formulas have the same elemental stoichiometry. Natural Furnace Creek crystals and separately synthesized crystals have been studied by diffraction. The monoclinic P21/a structure contains borate sheets, isolated B(OH)3 groups and three water molecules per formula unit, including one calcium-coordinated water molecule. The 1972 natural-crystal study did not locate hydrogen atoms; the 2025 synthetic-crystal study refined hydrogen positions using distance constraints. Gowerite is distinct from nobleite, elemental boron and the borates commodity. No criticality or microbial mechanism is inferred from its boron content.

Goyazite is the strontium aluminium phosphate mineral SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6, distinct from calcium-dominant crandallite, other crandallite-group species and strontium as an element. A primary natural-crystal refinement supports its identity. A separate laboratory study produced goyazite-bearing synthetic preparations and measured thermal dehydroxylation across a nominal calcium-strontium series. Minor impurities, starting-gel composition and measurement-dependent thermal peaks limit interpretation. No microbial mechanism, strontium recovery yield, mineral criticality or industrial deployment is asserted.

Ground rubber recovered from used tires, containing a crosslinked polymer matrix, fillers and zinc-bearing additives. The selected study used 400-600 micrometre particles from an unnamed waste-tire recycling facility. This secondary resource is distinct from elemental zinc, zinc mineral species, tire combustion ash, pyrolysis char, rubber-manufacturing waste and natural-rubber gloves. Chemical pretreatment does not create a separate material identity, and the feed does not inherit a criticality designation from a constituent element.

• Rhodococcus rhodochrous

Gypsum is the grandfathered calcium sulfate mineral species Ca(SO4)(H2O)2, distinct from anhydrite, bassanite, elemental calcium or sulfur, and mixed industrial residues such as phosphogypsum and titanogypsum. This owner describes the hydrated substrate in a disputed microbial dehydration experiment and an independent negative test. The same primary experiments are cross-represented in cmmmech:anhydrite; their occurrence in two mineral owners does not create independent replication. Mineral identity is established separately from the contested mechanism. No constituent criticality, industrial deployment or recovery yield is asserted.

• Chroococcidiopsis
• Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Hafnium (Hf), distinct from its Hf(IV) complexes, hafnium oxide phases, zirconium-bearing minerals and commercial alloy or waste streams. The US 2025 critical-mineral list names hafnium individually; the designation is mapped to this element without extending it to every Hf-bearing material. Curated evidence concerns cell-free binding of Hf(IV) clusters by a purified bacterial protein, not microbial ore extraction or industrial metal recovery.

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Hannayite is the hydrated ammonium magnesium hydrogen-phosphate mineral species (NH4)2Mg3(PO3OH)4(H2O)8. The September 2026 IMA list gives grandfathered status and original-description year 1879, not a new-mineral approval identifier. It is distinct from elemental phosphorus or magnesium, guano as a mixed resource, and schertelite, newberyite, struvite and bobierrite. The accepted experimental record concerns chemical crystallization and alteration without microorganisms; association of these minerals with guano does not establish a microbial mechanism. Constituent criticality is not inherited.

Haradaite is a strontium-vanadyl silicate mineral with ideal formula SrV4+Si2O7, status A and approval 1963-011 in the September 2026 IMA list. The approval identifier is distinct from the 1967 structural paper and the later 1982 natural description. Natural material from the Noda-Tamagawa and Yamato mines, Japan, contains substitutions; the analyzed Yamato type material was calcian and barian, not the pure Sr endmember. The 1967 structure analysis preferred orthorhombic Amam over Ama2, with silicate chains joined by vanadium, while explicitly discussing limited reflections and possible intensity errors; that historical model is not a claim that every specimen and later refinement has been reassessed. The 1982 paper likewise prefers Amam and separates the two localities. Haradaite is distinct from elemental vanadium, generic vanadium ore and other vanadium silicates. Abiotic reagent synthesis supports a qualified formation mechanism. Geological association with other minerals does not demonstrate microbial formation, extraction or recovery, and criticality is not inherited from its constituents.

Hemimorphite is the orthorhombic hydrated zinc silicate mineral Zn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O. The September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list records approved status A and 1962 s.p.; this special-procedure entry is not a numbered new-mineral approval. The record distinguishes crystalline hemimorphite from willemite, mixed zinc ores and a poorly ordered hemimorphite-like microbial precursor. It contains a natural-sample chemical-leaching experiment and narrowly scoped precursor-associated field evidence. It does not assert microbial production of phase-pure crystalline hemimorphite, inherited criticality or industrial recovery.

• Stenomitos frigidus

The element Ho, distinct from its dissolved ions, experimental nitrate salt, host minerals and manufactured materials. The dated US designation concerns the named holmium mineral commodity, without transferring criticality to every Ho-bearing substance. The curated laboratory experiment documents element in harvested cyanobacterial biomass, not a resolved uptake pathway, purified metal recovery or industrial deployment.

• Limnospira platensis

Hureaulite is the manganese(II) hydrogen phosphate hydrate mineral with current IMA formula Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2(H2O)4. The September 2026 list records renamed status, 2007 s.p.; this is not a new-species approval number. Natural material can contain iron and other substitutions. Garcia Guajardo et al. (2024) prepared a synthetic manganese phosphate assigned to monoclinic C2/c hureaulite by powder diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy, then tested composite electrodes made from that powder. The synthetic reagent-derived material is distinguished from mined natural hureaulite, from lithiophilite and from a merely hureaulite-like phase. Its laboratory charge-storage behavior is not microbial transformation, extraction of manganese from ore, recovery of an isolated metal product or industrial deployment. Charge-partition and proton-transfer explanations are model-based interpretations, and the exact redox reaction remains unresolved. No constituent-element criticality is inherited.

Hydroboracite is the CaMg[B3O4(OH)3]2(H2O)3 species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1834, not a sequential approval identifier. Sabelli and Stoppioni's 1978 single-crystal study of natural material from Bigadiç, Turkey, refined a monoclinic P2/c structure with two formula units per cell. Its hydrogen positions were geometrically assigned and not independently refined. The mineral is distinct from colemanite, inyoite, ulexite, other borate species, elemental boron and the borates commodity. The experimental high-pressure label hydroboracite-II below does not assert a separate IMA-approved natural species. No commodity criticality or microbial activity is inherited.

Hydroniumjarosite is the hydronium-dominant ferric sulfate hydroxide mineral, ideally (H3O)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6. It is distinct from potassium jarosite, natrojarosite, ammoniojarosite and an industrial jarosite-bearing residue. The September 2026 IMA list records a 1987 redefinition by special procedure; this is not an individual approval accession. Basciano and Peterson (2007) characterized synthetic material and a hydronium-dominant natural sample from Rio Tinto, Spain, using chemical analyses and powder-diffraction refinement. Their natural sample 7-13-2-1 also contained quartz and minor potassium and sodium. It does not represent a pure endmember or a demonstrated microbial product. The study supports specimen-specific identity and laboratory abiotic formation, not isolated iron recovery, long-term contaminant retention, or industrial deployment of the preparation. Constituent-element criticality is not inherited.

Hydrotalcite is the magnesium-aluminium layered double hydroxide carbonate mineral Mg6Al2(OH)16(CO3)(H2O)4. The IMA-CNMNC September 2026 list gives approved status A and 2016 s.p., indicating a special-procedure action rather than a conventional sequential approval number. This species is distinct from the hydrotalcite group and from generic synthetic layered double hydroxides containing other metal ratios or interlayer anions. A Niue calcrete contains source-XRD-assigned hydrotalcite associated with optically interpreted biofilms; microbial formation is not demonstrated. Elemental magnesium or aluminium criticality is not inherited.

Hydrozincite is the monoclinic zinc hydroxycarbonate mineral Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6, listed by IMA-CNMNC in September 2026 with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1853, not a numbered approval. It is distinct from smithsonite, zincite, elemental zinc and mixed zinc-bearing sediments. The curated evidence concerns hydrozincite-bearing field mats associated with photosynthetic microorganisms and a separate sterile precipitation experiment. It supports a qualified biological association rather than a pure-culture demonstration of microbial necessity, a phase-specific metal recovery yield, or industrial deployment. No criticality designation is inherited from zinc.

Ilmenite is the mineral species with ideal formula Fe2+Ti4+O3, listed with grandfathered status G and original description year 1827 by IMA-CNMNC in September 2026. The year is not an IMA approval number. The species is distinct from elemental titanium or iron, titanium commodities, ilmenite-bearing ores and concentrates, and manufactured titanium oxides. The primary dissolution study used three mixed placer concentrates dominated by ilmenite-like phases, not pure stoichiometric crystals. Its laboratory observation is scoped to those ground feeds. No criticality designation is inherited from titanium, and no microbial mechanism is accepted from the unavailable or insufficiently controlled bioleaching leads.

Inderborite is the CaMg[B3O3(OH)5]2(H2O)4·2H2O mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1941, not a sequential approval identifier. It is distinct from inderite, hydroboracite, elemental boron and the borates commodity. Gatta et al.'s natural crystals from Quarry 98, Inder Deposit, Kazakhstan, have a monoclinic C2/c structure: borate rings connect Ca and Mg polyhedra into sheets, with hydrogen bonds linking the sheets. Their openly deposited Revision_1 manuscript reports EPMA-WDS on three crystals, including quartz micro-inclusions and modest beam damage; near-ideal Ca and Mg composition is a specimen-level observation, not a universal purity or ore-grade claim. Inderborite-II below is an experimental high-pressure label, not an asserted independently approved natural species. No criticality or microbial activity is inherited from boron or associated minerals.

Inderite is the Mg[B3O3(OH)5](H2O)4·H2O mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with status A and year notation 1962 s.p. for a special procedure, not a fabricated sequential approval identifier. It is distinct from its dimorph kurnakovite, from inderborite, elemental boron and the borates commodity. Gatta et al. studied natural Kramer Deposit, California, material by EPMA-WDS, laser-ablation mass spectrometry and neutron diffraction. The P21/c structure comprises borate-ring/Mg-polyhedron clusters connected by hydrogen bonds, with four Mg-bound water molecules and one interstitial water per formula unit. The chemical characterization is specimen specific, including modest electron-beam damage and an assumed B/H stoichiometry in the EPMA formula; it is not a resource-grade survey. Commodity criticality and microbial activity are not inherited.

Inyoite is the CaB3O3(OH)5(H2O)3·H2O species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1914, not a sequential approval identifier. Schaller's 1916 original investigation distinguishes glassy inyoite cores from meyerhofferite alteration products in specimens from Mount Blanco near Death Valley, California. Its small 0.1037-g inyoite analysis did not directly determine boron. The modern pressure experiment below concerns a separate museum crystal, not those historical specimens. Inyoite is distinct from borax, tincalconite, kernite, ulexite, colemanite and the borates commodity. Inyoite-II is the authors' experimental high-pressure phase label, not a second asserted IMA-approved natural mineral. No commodity criticality or microbial activity is inherited.

Kaliborite is the grandfathered potassium-magnesium borate species KHMg2B12O16(OH)10(H2O)4 in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list. Its 1889 entry is an original-description year, not an approval identifier. Burns and Hawthorne studied a natural Kazakhstan crystal from Canadian Museum of Nature specimen 53372 and refined a monoclinic C2/c structure with borate chains parallel to b. Their 1994 study located hydrogen by difference-Fourier analysis with O-H distance restraints. The apparently symmetric hydrogen bond was interpreted as dynamically disordered from structural and bond-valence arguments; this was not a direct measurement of hydrogen motion. The paper did not provide a new bulk chemical analysis of that crystal. A separate museum material supplied the thermal experiments below. This mineral is distinct from elemental boron and the borates commodity; neither criticality, microbial activity nor industrial recovery is inferred.

Kaolin-bearing material discarded into mine waste dumps because iron impurities prevented commercialization, represented by high- and low-iron samples supplied by Caobar SA from Poveda de la Sierra, Guadalajara, Spain. The source describes waste from beds not exploited for sale; it does not establish that this is processing tailings. The mixed kaolinite-rich feed is distinct from a kaolinite mineral species, natural kaolin resource, elemental iron or an isolated recovered product. Secondary-resource scope follows its mine-discard status, not the source's conflicting descriptions of primary versus secondary geological origin. No criticality designation is inferred from constituents.

• Bacillus thuringiensis

Kornelite is a monoclinic ferric sulfate mineral, represented in the September 2026 IMA list as Fe(III)2(SO4)3(H2O)6·1.75H2O. Its additional channel water is variable; historical seven-water formulae are not exact hydration measurements for every specimen. This species is distinct from paracoquimbite, ferricopiapite and undifferentiated ferric-sulfate salts. The evidence below separates abiotic synthesis of a characterized crystalline product from provisional diffraction assignments in mixed bacterial-culture solids. Neither experiment establishes a recovered iron product from ore or waste, industrial deployment or a criticality designation.

• Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

Kozoite-(La) is the lanthanum-dominant orthorhombic rare-earth hydroxyl carbonate mineral with ideal formula La(CO3)(OH), approved as IMA 2002-054. It is distinct from elemental lanthanum, other kozoite species, hydroxylbastnäsite-(La) and commercial rare-earth feeds. The original Mitsukoshi, Japan material consists of minute crystals in spherical aggregates with concentric La-dominant and Nd-dominant zones. Four La-domain microprobe analyses have average La0.83 and Nd0.40 on a two-cation basis, with appreciable Ca0.43; this is not a chemically pure La end member. Carbon and hydrogen could not be measured in that intergrown material: the reported carbonate, hydroxyl and water contents were calculated from an ancylite-type formula, while infrared bands support carbonate and OH. The analytical total including calculated volatiles is 101.19 wt%. Powder diffraction gives Pmcn and a = 4.986(4), b = 8.513(6), c = 7.227(10) Å; no single-crystal analysis was possible. Nearly matching diffraction patterns of the La and Nd species require chemical discrimination. The mechanism below concerns separately synthesized La carbonate, not dissolution of the natural zoned specimen. These sources do not establish microbial causality, industrial deployment or a jurisdiction-specific criticality designation.

Kozoite-(Nd) is the neodymium-dominant orthorhombic rare-earth hydroxyl carbonate mineral with ideal formula Nd(CO3)(OH), approved as IMA 1998-063. It is distinct from elemental neodymium, kozoite-(La), hydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd) and commercial rare-earth feeds. The original Niikoba, Hizen-cho, Japan material consists of crystals smaller than 10 µm in an alkali olivine basalt cavity. Six-grain microprobe analyses show a mixed rare-earth composition, including Nd0.85 and La0.61 on a two-cation basis, rather than a pure Nd end member. Fluorine was not detected; no detection limit is supplied. Carbon and hydrogen were measured separately by triplicate elemental analysis using approximately 5 mg portions. Synchrotron powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement give Pmcn, a = 4.9829(1), b = 8.5188(2), c = 7.2570(2) Å and Z = 4. Hydrogen positions were not located, and the original study could not exclude a nearly orthorhombic monoclinic structure without suitable single crystals. The thermal experiment below concerns this natural mixed-REE material, not an isolated synthetic Nd end member. These sources do not establish microbial formation, industrial recovery or a jurisdiction-specific criticality designation.

Kurnakovite is the Mg[B3O3(OH)5](H2O)4·H2O mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1940. The year is not an approval identifier. Its triclinic P-1 structure distinguishes it from its monoclinic dimorph inderite. It is also distinct from elemental boron, the borates commodity and a mixed borate-bearing experimental precipitate. Gatta et al. characterized natural Kramer Deposit, California, material by wet chemistry and neutron diffraction at 293 and 20 K. The structural model contains Mg-bound water and an interstitial water molecule, with chains connected by hydrogen bonds. Its specimen-specific chemistry is not a resource-grade survey: the reported water content assumes furnace mass loss is entirely water, and minor measured silicon may reflect impurities rather than structural substitution. Criticality and microbial activity are not inherited from boron content.

Lansfordite is the hydrated magnesium carbonate mineral Mg(CO3)(H2O)5, conventionally MgCO3·5H2O, listed as grandfathered with original-description year 1888 in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list. The year is not an approval identifier. It is distinct from nesquehonite, other magnesium carbonates, magnesium metal and mixed mineral resources. Evidence below separates abiotic laboratory synthesis/dehydration from one natural occurrence associated with cactus decay; no constituent criticality, identified microbial producer or industrial recovery is inferred.

Lanthanite-(Ce) is the cerium-dominant lanthanite mineral, approved as IMA 1983-055, with ideal formula Ce2(CO3)3(H2O)6·2H2O, equivalently Ce2(CO3)3·8H2O. It is distinct from elemental cerium, cerianite, the lanthanite group and rare-earth ores or commodities. Bevins et al. (1985) characterized natural plates from oxidized copper ore at Britannia Mine, North Wales. Their measured mixed-REE composition gave the empirical cation terms Ce0.78La0.55Nd0.55Sm0.09Gd0.05Y0.04 on the reported 17-oxygen basis, with 7.96H2O; it is not a pure Ce end-member or an ore-grade measurement. Water was determined thermogravimetrically, carbon dioxide by CHN analysis and rare-earth composition by electron microprobe; sample deterioration limited analytical totals. Diffraction indicated orthorhombic Pbnb, a nonstandard setting of Pccn. Atencio et al. (1989) also found their historically labelled Bastnäs lanthanite specimen to be Ce-dominant. The mechanism below concerns separately synthesized Ce carbonate phases and does not establish microbial weathering of these natural specimens, industrial recovery or a dated criticality designation.

Lanthanite-(La) is the lanthanum-dominant lanthanite mineral, with ideal formula La2(CO3)3(H2O)6·2H2O, equivalently La2(CO3)3·8H2O. The September 2026 IMA list treats it as a renamed species, with year 1987 s.p.; this nomenclatural action is not a unique mineral approval number. It is distinct from elemental lanthanum, the lanthanite group, other carbonate hydrates and commercial rare-earth feeds. Historical locality labels require caution: the IMA row retains Sweden, whereas Atencio et al. (1989) found their Bastnäs specimen B10531 to be Ce-dominant. Their reassessment of published Curitiba analyses includes La-dominant and Nd-dominant specimens, so neither all Bastnäs material nor all Curitiba material can be assigned to this species solely from its locality. The experiment below concerns a separately synthesized La carbonate analogue of lanthanite, not dissolution of a natural mixed-REE specimen. No jurisdiction-specific criticality designation, microbial process or industrial deployment is established by these sources.

Larderellite is the ammonium borate mineral (NH4)B5O7(OH)2·H2O in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list. Its grandfathered status G and year 1854 describe its nomenclatural history, not a sequential approval identifier. It is distinct from other ammonium borates, a generic experimental ammonium salt, elemental boron and the borates commodity. Fastelli and colleagues characterized natural material from Larderello, Italy, by powder diffraction, reflectance spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Figure 1b's starting-sample diffraction fit reports 94.3% larderellite, 0.4% bassanite and 5.3% polyhalite. These are fitted phase fractions in a mixed specimen, not an independent chemical-purity assay. The study does not establish biological origin or microbial activity merely because the mineral contains ammonium, and no criticality designation is inherited from boron.

Libethenite is the copper hydroxide phosphate mineral Cu2(PO4)(OH). The September 2026 IMA list records grandfathered status G and the historical year 1823, not a numbered approval proposal. It is distinct from elemental copper, unspecified copper phosphates and waste printed circuit boards. The experiment below assigned a laboratory filter-residue phase to libethenite in an uninoculated leaching comparator; no natural libethenite ore, pure product or inherited criticality is asserted.

Mcallisterite is the Mg2[B6O7(OH)6]2·9H2O mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, approved as 1963-012. The original 1965 description used the spelling Macallisterite and the equivalent oxide formula 2MgO·6B2O3·15H2O. Natural material from the Mott prospect, Furnace Creek Wash, California was intimately mixed with ginorite, sassolite and other impurities. Its powder pattern matched separately synthesized mcallisterite, with residual impurity peaks; the authors did not obtain an impurity-free natural powder pattern. Larger synthetic crystals supplied the single-crystal and accurate physical-property measurements. Natural chemical compositions were calculated after subtracting assumed impurity contributions, rather than measured on pure mineral. This boron-bearing species is distinct from elemental boron and the borates commodity. Criticality, microbial activity and industrial recovery are not inferred.

Metaschoepite is a uranyl oxide hydroxide hydrate mineral, distinct from schoepite, elemental uranium and the products historically called dehydrated schoepite. The September 2026 IMA list gives (UO2)8O2(OH)12·10H2O and grandfathered status G; 1960 is the original description year, not an approval accession. Historical schoepite II terminology is retained only as context. Natural crystals undergoing alteration and synthetic metaschoepite exposed to controlled humidity are separate evidence populations. The synthetic formula [(UO2)4O(OH)6]·5H2O is the same ideal stoichiometry on a four-uranium basis. No criticality, microbial activity or industrial recovery is inferred from these laboratory mineral transformations.

Metastudtite is the uranyl peroxide dihydrate mineral UO4·2H2O, equivalent in composition to (UO2)(O2)(H2O)2. The September 2026 IMA list gives approved status A and approval accession 1981-055. It is distinct from studtite, other uranium hydrates, elemental uranium and uranium commodities. The original description concerns natural Shinkolobwe material and a separate heated natural-studtite mixture; modern thermal and aqueous experiments used synthetic substrates. A particular historical structure model is not asserted as the unique current structure. No criticality, microbial activity, isolated uranium recovery or industrial deployment is inferred.

Metatorbernite is the copper uranyl phosphate mineral Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2(H2O)4·4H2O in the September 2026 IMA list, with grandfathered status G. The year 1916 is a historical description year, not a numbered IMA approval. Its ideal eight-water composition is distinct from twelve-water torbernite, arsenate metazeunerite, calcium meta-autunite, uranyl ions and elemental uranium or copper. Locock and Burns grew synthetic metatorbernite in copper-bearing silica gel at room temperature over three weeks and refined an epoxy-coated, merohedrally twinned crystal in P4/n. Its 88.3(6)% fitted copper-site occupancy and constrained hydrogen model are specimen-specific; proposed oxonium charge compensation was not directly established. The 2023 natural Cornwall crystal instead gave the preferred P4/nmm model with a smaller c repeat. These are source-specific structural models, not grounds to replace all specimens with one symmetry or transfer occupancy between them. Thermal behavior below is abiotic laboratory evidence; neither criticality nor microbial extraction, isolated-product recovery or industrial deployment is inferred.

Metavivianite is the approved mixed-valence iron phosphate mineral species Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)6, IMA 1973-049. It is distinct from vivianite, elemental iron or phosphorus, and an unidentified oxidized iron-phosphate mixture. Laboratory abiotic precipitation provides diffraction-supported formation in a mixed product. A separate bacterial enrichment study proposed a metavivianite-like intermediate without diffraction confirmation; that observation is retained as provisional and does not establish formation of the accepted mineral species. No constituent criticality designation or industrial recovery claim is inherited.

Metazeunerite is the copper uranyl arsenate mineral Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2(H2O)4·4H2O in the September 2026 IMA list, with grandfathered status G. The year 1937 is a historical description year, not a numbered IMA approval. Its ideal eight-water composition is distinct from twelve-water zeunerite, phosphate metatorbernite, calcium meta-autunite and elemental uranium, arsenic or copper. Locock and Burns synthesized its analogue hydrothermally at 220(1) degrees C for 24 h after controlled heating, then refined an epoxy-coated, twinned crystal in P4/n at room temperature. The hydrogen model was constrained; metatorbernite copper deficiency is not a metazeunerite result. A later natural German specimen gave a preferred P4/nmm model with a smaller c repeat, while synthetic low-temperature powder data were indexed orthorhombically. These specimen- and condition-specific models are preserved rather than merged. The thermal evidence is laboratory and abiotic; no criticality, microbial mechanism, isolated-product recovery or industrial deployment is inherited from composition.

Meyerhofferite is the CaB3O3(OH)5·H2O mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1914. The year is not an approval identifier. It is distinct from the more hydrated species inyoite, elemental boron and the borates commodity. Gatta et al. studied Bigadiç, Turkey, museum specimen MM5990 by chemical analysis, synchrotron X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction. The ambient P-1 structure comprises borate rings and eight-coordinate calcium polyhedra in chains connected by hydrogen bonds. The reported chemical analysis has unresolved internal discrepancies: B2O3 is 46.3(2) wt% in the methods but 44.30 plus or minus 0.20 wt% in Table 3, whose listed entries sum to 97.95 wt% rather than the printed 100.05 wt% total. These values are not silently normalized or corrected. No criticality designation or microbial activity is inferred from boron content.

Monazite-(La) is the lanthanum-dominant anhydrous phosphate mineral with ideal formula La(PO4), distinct from monazite-(Ce), the monazite group, hydrated rhabdophane-(La), elemental lanthanum and mixed monazite ores. The September 2026 IMA list records renamed status and a 1966 special procedure, not a numbered approval accession. Ni et al. (1995) resolved a synthetic LaPO4 crystal in monoclinic P21/n monazite with nine-coordinate rare-earth sites. Their natural monazite comparator was Ce-dominant, not natural monazite-(La). Zhoujin et al. (2025) separately produced synthetic La monazite by abiotic microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment. Characterization of synthetic analogues does not demonstrate microbial formation, recovery from an ore or waste, or industrial operation. Criticality is not inherited from the lanthanum constituent.

Natroboltwoodite is a sodium-bearing uranyl silicate hydrate mineral, distinct from potassium-bearing boltwoodite and elemental uranium. The September 2026 IMA list gives Na(UO2)(SiO3OH)(H2O), status Rn and the special-procedure entry 2007 s.p.; that entry records renaming, not an ordinary approval accession. Historical sodium boltwoodite and Na-boltwoodite terminology is retained for the experimental material below. Ilton and colleagues used synthetic material represented as Na(UO2)(SiO3OH)·1.5H2O. Its measured bulk U/Si and U/Na ratios were approximately one, but minor impurities could not be excluded and its hydration was not reconciled with the current IMA one-water formula. The laboratory dissolution results therefore describe that characterized synthetic preparation, not a universal composition or behavior of natural natroboltwoodite. No criticality, microbial mechanism or industrial recovery claim is inferred.

Natrojarosite is the sodium ferric hydroxysulfate mineral with ideal formula NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6, all iron ferric. The September 2026 IMA list records the species as redefined, 1987 s.p. It is distinct from potassium jarosite, ammoniojarosite, hydroniumjarosite and a mixed industrial jarosite residue. Natural compositions can contain substitutions; the ideal formula is not an assay of every specimen. Gómez et al. (2024), sampling in May 2010, identified natrojarosite and quartz in an inner crust associated with a cyanobacteria-containing mixed microbial mat beneath a gypsum-rich outer layer at Río Tinto, Spain. Their field deposit measurements averaged pH 0.8, but pH across the thin cyanobacterial layer could not be measured. This is an association, without controlled evidence that the organisms precipitated or dissolved natrojarosite, without a verified cyanobacterial species or strain, and without an extraction or recovery measurement. No constituent-element criticality or industrial deployment is inferred.

Nobleite is the CaB6O9(OH)2(H2O)3 mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with approved status A and special-procedure notation 1967 s.p.; this notation is not a unique approval identifier. It is distinct from gowerite, elemental boron and the borates commodity. Erd, McAllister and Vlisidis characterized natural nobleite from the Death Valley region, California, and compared its diffraction pattern with a separately synthesized product. Their older oxide formula CaO·3B2O3·4H2O has the same elemental stoichiometry as the current IMA formula. Natural single-crystal data in Table 1 give monoclinic P21/a symmetry, with P21/n as an alternative setting. This record does not infer criticality, microbial formation or commercial recovery from mineral identity.

Mineral-bearing residue from bitumen froth treatment, represented here by naphtha-process tailings from Plant 6 at the Mildred Lake Settling Basin, Alberta, Canada. The heterogeneous solids include quartz, titanium-bearing minerals, zircon, sulfides and carbonates, with residual hydrocarbons. This processing waste is distinct from its constituent elements or mineral species, underlying straight coarse tailings, fluid fine tailings and petroleum coke. These site-specific studies do not define all froth-treatment processes or establish an economic reserve, a criticality designation or industrial metal recovery.

Orthoclase is a monoclinic potassium feldspar mineral with ideal formula KAlSi3O8, distinct from microcline, the broader potassium-feldspar family, traded feldspar and potash. The September 2026 IMA list marks it approved by a 1962 special procedure; this is not a numbered approval accession. The curated experiment concerns a source-identified natural sodium-bearing orthoclase crystal, not an ideal chemically pure endmember. Only abiotic hydrothermal dissolution is accepted here; mineral composition does not establish criticality or microbial activity.

Paracoquimbite is a trigonal ferric sulfate mineral, ideally Fe(III)4(SO4)6(H2O)12·6H2O. The September 2026 IMA list retains the 2019 redefinition; the reduced formula Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O used in older studies describes the same ideal composition. It is compositionally distinct from aluminium-essential coquimbite. Their related structures form the coquimbite group; older claims that they are simple dimorphs do not express the current species definitions. The accepted experiment prepared synthetic paracoquimbite from acidified ferric-sulfate solution and identified it by powder diffraction. It does not demonstrate microbial formation, ore treatment or an isolated iron recovery yield.

Parauranophane is the calcium uranyl silicate hydrate mineral Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2(H2O)4·H2O listed by IMA in September 2026. It is the historical beta-uranophane or uranophane-beta, renamed by CNMNC in August 2022. Rn, 2022 s.p. denotes that nomenclature action, not a unique approval accession. The alpha polymorph is the separate species uranophane; identical ideal composition does not make their experiments interchangeable. Cesbron and colleagues characterized natural beta material from Nopal I, Sierra Peña Blanca, Chihuahua, Mexico, by morphology and powder X-ray diffraction, including a refined monoclinic cell with space group P21/a in the reported setting. Their synthesis campaign produced uranophane but no beta polymorph under the tested conditions; its stability field remained unresolved. No criticality, microbial activity, extraction yield or industrial deployment is inferred from these mineralogical studies.

Pentagonite is a hydrated calcium vanadyl silicate mineral, CaV4+OSi4O10(H2O)3·H2O, approved as IMA 1971-039 and retained in the September 2026 IMA list. It is a distinct mineral species from cavansite, with a six-membered-ring silicate-sheet topology and an ambient orthorhombic Ccm21 structure in the inspected primary studies. The historical Oregon description and later Wagholi studies concern different natural specimens. Laboratory heating and pressure experiments support abiotic structural changes, with protocol-dependent hydration and reversibility. These experiments do not establish a natural formation temperature, microbial activity, vanadium extraction, an isolated recovered product or industrial deployment. No criticality designation is inherited from vanadium or other constituents.

Heterogeneous oil-, water- and solid-bearing residues generated in petroleum handling and processing, with feed-dependent metals and metalloids. This resource context includes the characterized crude-oil tank-bottom sludge from Karoon Oil and Gas Company in Iran studied by Nejad et al. (2020), and the distinct weathering-pit refinery sludge collected in Bahrain in March 2020 studied by Hentati et al. (2022). It is not raw crude oil, produced water, petroleum coke, combustion ash, or oil-sands froth-treatment tailings. Neither constituent criticality nor economic recoverability is assigned to the mixed residue. Lower reported residual metal concentrations in one laboratory treatment do not establish metal extraction, biomass capture, or recovery.

• Stutzerimonas balearica

Pyroaurite is the magnesium-ferric-iron carbonate hydroxide hydrate mineral Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O. The IMA-CNMNC September 2026 list records redefined status Rd and the historical year 1865; that year is not a numbered approval identifier. It is distinct from hydrotalcite, the hydrotalcite mineral group, unspecified layered double hydroxides, elemental magnesium or iron, and mixed asbestos-mine tailings. The curated field trial identifies source-assigned pyroaurite in both inoculated and uninoculated acid-treated tailings and in the untreated baseline; it does not establish a microbial increase in pyroaurite production. No constituent criticality designation is inherited.

Ramsdellite is the orthorhombic MnO2 mineral species listed as grandfathered in the September 2026 IMA list, with original-description year 1943. That year is not an approval accession. It is distinct from pyrolusite, elemental manganese, unspecified manganese dioxide and fungal birnessite. The experiment below used a chemically synthesized powder assigned to ramsdellite by XRD; it does not establish microbial production of ramsdellite. No manganese or cobalt commodity criticality designation is inherited by this mineral.

Rhabdophane-(Ce) is the cerium-dominant hydrated phosphate mineral listed by IMA-CNMNC with ideal formula Ce(PO4)·H2O and renamed status Rn, 1966 s.p., in September 2026. That nomenclature entry is not a numbered approval identifier. It is distinct from elemental cerium, an unspecified mixed rare-earth phosphate and anhydrous monazite-(Ce). Synthetic Ce-rich rhabdophane prepared by replacement of Durango fluorapatite was identified by powder diffraction and thermal characterization in Bamforth et al. (2024). The fitted monoclinic structural model is study-specific; the Sm reference structure used in refinement is not a Ce-specimen accession. Ideal hydration is not an assay of every synthetic powder: Shelyug et al. (2018) reported CePO4·0.732H2O from thermogravimetry including adsorbed and structural water. Porous monazite and rhabdophane can have overlapping low electron-microprobe totals, so elemental composition or totals alone do not distinguish these phases. The curated transformation is an abiotic laboratory result. No microbial mechanism, isolated cerium recovery, industrial deployment or inherited criticality is asserted.

Rhabdophane-(La) is the lanthanum-dominant hydrated phosphate mineral listed by IMA-CNMNC with ideal formula La(PO4)·H2O and renamed status Rn, 1987 s.p., in September 2026. This entry does not provide a numbered IMA approval identifier. It is distinct from elemental lanthanum, mixed rare-earth phosphate material, rhabdophane-(Ce) and anhydrous monazite-(La). Ondrejka et al. (2018) characterized natural La-dominant members within mixed, compositionally zoned rhabdophane-group grains from the Velence Hills, Hungary, using electron microprobe and Raman spectroscopy. Their analyses include substitutions and mixed end-member contributions; neither every grain nor every La-Nd-rich zone is pure rhabdophane-(La). Natural-grain hydration is not measured by oxide totals alone. The 2019 erratum requires inclusion of Fe in formula calculations without recognizing an Fe end-member. Shelyug et al. (2018) separately characterized synthetic La rhabdophane and its thermal conversion to monazite. Their fitted monoclinic model and total-water coefficient 0.804 describe that preparation, not a universal species assay or revised IMA formula. No microbial mechanism, isolated lanthanum recovery, industrial deployment or inherited criticality designation is curated.

Rhomboclase is an orthorhombic acidic ferric sulfate hydrate mineral, (H5O2)Fe(III)(SO4)2·2H2O, recognized as a grandfathered species in the September 2026 IMA list. It is distinct from generic ferric sulfate solutions and other sulfate hydrates. The accepted original supports abiotic evaporative preparation and acid-solution calorimetry of a structurally characterized synthetic sample with excess sulfate and protons relative to ideal stoichiometry. No microbial mechanism or isolated metal-recovery yield is established.

Roscoelite is a vanadium-bearing mica mineral with the ideal formula KV3+2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 in the September 2026 IMA list. The list records status A and the special-procedure entry 1998 s.p.; that entry is not an original discovery year or a conventional numbered approval. Blake's 1876 description concerns natural mica from Granite Creek, El Dorado County, California, and explicitly corrects his initial chromium identification to vanadium. The species is distinct from vanadium as an element, generic vanadium-bearing mica, and mixed shale or ore feeds. Ito's synthetic material was assigned to roscoelite by powder diffraction indexed as a 1M mica; its mixed-valence, nonideal bulk chemistry and microscopic oxide inclusions must not be replaced by the ideal all-V3+ formula. No criticality designation is inherited from vanadium, and neither the natural occurrence nor abiotic synthesis establishes microbial extraction or industrial recovery.

Rozenite is the monoclinic ferrous sulfate tetrahydrate mineral, Fe(II)(SO4)·4H2O, distinct from heptahydrate melanterite and monohydrate szomolnokite. The September 2026 IMA list recognizes it as a redefined species. The accepted primary experiment follows rozenite as a transient phase during laboratory heating of a natural melanterite sample. Phase fractions are diffraction-refinement results, not isolated-product recoveries or universal environmental stability limits. No microbial transformation is established by this experiment.

Rubidium (Rb), represented as an element distinct from its ions, compounds, isotopes, host minerals, alloys and commodity streams. The US 2025 designation names the rubidium commodity and does not designate every compound or host material. A laboratory experiment tracked light-dependent uptake of rubidium-86 ions by intact phototrophic bacteria as a probe of potassium transport. This does not establish rubidium recovery from ore, brine or waste.

• Cereibacter sphaeroides

Ruthenium (Ru). This element record is distinct from the dissolved Ru(III) chloride feed, cell-associated oxidized ruthenium material, and Pd/Ru catalyst preparations in the curated laboratory study. The US 2025 list names the ruthenium commodity individually; this maps to the element without extending criticality to every ruthenium compound, mineral or waste. The evidence supports biomass-associated deposition, without demonstrating elemental Ru recovery, a microbial enzyme requirement or industrial operation.

• Bacillus benzoevorans

Rutherfordine is the uranyl carbonate mineral with the ideal formula (UO2)(CO3), distinct from elemental uranium, aqueous uranyl-carbonate complexes and uranium commodities. The September 2026 IMA list gives approved status A and the special procedure token 1962 s.p.; it is not listed as grandfathered. A natural Shinkolobwe crystal was refined in orthorhombic Imm2 in 1999, with neutral uranyl-carbonate sheets. That specimen's carbonate-sheet orientation is not assigned automatically to synthetic products. The structural paper discusses possible OH/H2O variability and absorption-correction limitations, so the ideal formula is not proof that every preparation is chemically identical. No criticality designation, microbial mechanism or industrial deployment is inferred.

Rutile is the mineral species with IMA-approved formula TiO2. The September 2026 IMA list gives grandfathered status G and original description year 1803; the year is not an IMA approval identifier. This mineral is distinct from elemental titanium, traded titanium products, rutile-bearing concentrates and other TiO2 polymorphs or manufactured TiO2 nanoparticles. The curated primary experiment calls its electrode coating natural rutile and reports an average mineral diameter of 40 micrometres, but does not supply a specimen locality, bulk chemical purity or diffraction-based phase-purity determination for that coating. Its observed role is light-assisted electron transfer supporting microbial iron cycling in a laboratory reactor, not demonstrated transformation of rutile or recovery of titanium. No criticality designation is inherited from a constituent element.

• Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Sabugalite is the aluminium uranyl phosphate hydrate mineral H0.5Al0.5(UO2)2(PO4)2·8H2O in the September 2026 IMA list, with grandfathered status G. The year 1951 denotes the original description, not a numbered IMA approval. Frondel's original HAl(UO2)4(PO4)4·16H2O formula uses twice this formula unit. The mineral is distinct from magnesium saléeite, calcium autunite or meta-autunite, and elemental aluminium or uranium. The original study distinguished natural Portuguese material by chemical analysis, optics and powder diffraction, while documenting mixed specimens and uncertainty in the historical symmetry assignment. Its thermal experiments support laboratory dehydration of a particular natural specimen, not an industrial uranium recovery process. No criticality or microbial mechanism is inferred from composition or mineral occurrence.

Sauconite is a Zn-rich smectite-group mineral with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1875 in the September 2026 IMA list, whose formula is Na0.3Zn3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O. The experimental material below is a synthetic Zn-rich trioctahedral smectite assigned to sauconite by combined diffraction and chemical characterization. It is distinct from generic saponite, zinc as an element, and mixed higher-temperature products. No constituent criticality designation is inherited.

Schertelite is the hydrated magnesium hydrogen-phosphate mineral species (NH4)2Mg(PO3OH)2(H2O)4. The September 2026 IMA list gives grandfathered status and original-description year 1902, not a new-mineral approval identifier. It is distinct from elemental phosphorus or magnesium, struvite, other phosphate mineral species and mixed culture precipitates. Constituent criticality is not inherited. The culture evidence below is a bounded assignment of a minor recovered phase, not a purified product or established direct metabolic pathway.

Schoepite is a uranyl oxide hydroxide hydrate mineral with the current IMA formula (UO2)4O(OH)6·6H2O, distinct from metaschoepite, elemental uranium and products historically called dehydrated schoepite. The September 2026 IMA list gives approved status A and 1962 s.p.; this special-procedure year is not a conventional approval accession or the 1923 original-description year. Plášil's 2018 study of natural Shinkolobwe crystals supports orthorhombic Pbca, revising the earlier P21ca model. For museum specimen RGM2708, Table 2 gives a = 16.7810(5), b = 14.7044(4), c = 14.2985(5) angstrom, Z = 8 at 297 K. The linked CIF agrees on these cell parameters but prints formula_sum H36 O21 U4 and calculated density 4.9865 g/cm3, conflicting with the paper's formula, which implies H18 O21 U4, and density 4.918 g/cm3. The CIF metadata are not used to redefine the species. The second crystal's Table 1 residual 0.0343 also differs from the prose's two-to-three-percent wording. No criticality, microbial activity or industrial uranium recovery is inferred.

Sepiolite is the hydrated magnesium silicate mineral Mg4Si6O15(OH)2(H2O)2·4H2O, an orthorhombic ribbon-like clay mineral. It is distinct from elemental magnesium, magnesium commodities, the biotite mineral group and phlogopite. The September 2026 IMA list gives grandfathered status and original-description year 1847, not a unique approval accession. The accepted experiments concern laboratory abiotic dissolution of source-characterized, Mg-deficient sepiolite. No constituent criticality, microbial mechanism, recovered magnesium product or industrial deployment is inferred.

Simonkolleite is the zinc hydroxide chloride hydrate mineral, ideal Zn5(OH)8Cl2.H2O, accepted by IMA as 1983-019. It is distinct from zinc metal, zincite, hydrozincite and the reagent betaine hydrochloride. The curated primary study concerns a synthetic analogue made from purchased zinc grains and its thermal conversion, not a microbial experiment or a demonstrated scrap-metal recycling operation. No criticality designation is inherited from its zinc constituent.

Sklodowskite is the magnesium uranyl silicate hydrate mineral Mg(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2(H2O)4·2H2O in the September 2026 IMA list, equivalent in bulk composition to Mg[(UO2)(SiO3OH)]2·6H2O. It has monoclinic C2/m symmetry and is distinct from copper-bearing cuprosklodowskite. IMA status G and year 1924 mean grandfathered species and original description, not a numbered approval accession. New natural-crystal data in Plášil 2018 refine hydrogen positions and distinguish its interlayer linkage from the copper mineral. A separate 1997 experiment formed synthetic sklodowskite from synthetic boltwoodite under hydrothermal MgSO4 treatment. Neither uranium or magnesium content alone establishes criticality, microbial activity or industrial recovery.

Soddyite is the uranyl silicate hydrate mineral (UO2)2(SiO4)(H2O)2, with orthorhombic Fddd symmetry and U:Si = 2:1. The September 2026 IMA list records grandfathered status G and original-description year 1922; that year is not an IMA approval accession. Plášil's 2018 study provides new single-crystal diffraction data for natural museum material. The separate Giammar and Hering experiments used synthetic powder and demonstrate abiotic dissolution, silicon-dependent uranium release and precipitation of an incompletely resolved secondary uranium phase. These laboratory observations do not establish a microbial mechanism, a criticality-list designation, recovered uranium product or industrial use.

Waste acidic electrolyte drained from used lead-acid batteries and its chemically pretreated liquid effluent. The accepted biological experiment concerns the residual sulfate-, Pb- and Cd-bearing liquid after lime precipitation and carbonation, not untreated concentrated acid, solid lead paste, battery grids or an intact battery. This use-derived liquid resource is distinct from elemental lead, galena and other spent-battery chemistries. No constituent criticality designation is inherited.

Stevensite is a Mg-rich smectite name listed with questionable status Q, original-description year 1873, in the September 2026 IMA list; it is not an approved or grandfathered entry. The listed formula is (Ca,Na)xMg3-ySi4O10(OH)2. The experimental material below is a synthetic, poorly crystalline Mg-rich trioctahedral smectite assigned by the authors as likely stevensite, not independently established phase-pure mineral. This owner is distinct from saponite, hectorite, amorphous Mg-silicate, and its carbonate transformation products. No constituent criticality designation is inherited.

Strengite is the orthorhombic ferric phosphate dihydrate mineral Fe3+(PO4)(H2O)2, conventionally FePO4·2H2O. The September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list records grandfathered status G and original-description year 1877, which is not an approval identifier. It is distinct from its monoclinic dimorph phosphosiderite, ferrous phosphate vivianite, amorphous iron phosphate and iron metal. The curated mechanism is an abiotic foundation for phosphate-phase transformation; no microbial mechanism or constituent-derived criticality is assigned.

Struvite-(K) is the approved potassium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate mineral, KMg(PO4).6H2O, IMA 2003-048. It is distinct from ammonium struvite, hazenite, newberyite, anhydrous magnesium potassium phosphate and the mixed battery washwater used in one experiment. Curated evidence concerns laboratory abiotic synthesis and precipitation from real spent-alkaline-battery washwater. Neither microbial formation, a phase-specific potassium recovery yield, industrial precipitation deployment nor criticality inherited from potassium, magnesium or phosphorus is established.

Studtite is the uranyl peroxide hydrate mineral (UO2)(O2)(H2O)2·2H2O, distinct from the lower hydrate metastudtite, elemental uranium, uranyl oxide hydrates and uranium commodities. The September 2026 IMA list gives grandfathered status G; 1947 denotes the original-description year, not an approval accession. Burns and Hughes determined the monoclinic C2/c structure using natural Krunkelbach material from museum specimen RC4372. The peroxide-linked uranyl chains contain coordinated water and are connected through hydrogen bonding involving interstitial water. Natural identity, synthetic thermal treatment and surface alteration of synthetic U3O8 are separate evidence populations. No criticality, microbial involvement or industrial deployment is inferred.

Switzerite is the monoclinic manganese(II) phosphate heptahydrate mineral, ideal Mn3(PO4)2.7H2O, written Mn2+3(PO4)2(H2O)5.2H2O in the September 2026 IMA list (redefined status Rd; number 1966-042). The tetrahydrate previously called switzerite was renamed metaswitzerite; they are distinct mineral species. The microbial evidence is a qualified source assignment in streptomycete cultures, without published switzerite diffraction traces or direct hydrate determination for those products. Separate primary observations establish air dehydration of a natural Fe-bearing specimen. No criticality designation is inherited from manganese or phosphorus.

• Streptomyces

Szaibélyite is the MgBO2(OH) mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1862 rather than a sequential approval number. The doubled structural formula Mg2(OH)[B2O4(OH)] describes the same ideal composition; it contains hydroxyl rather than required molecular water. Marincea characterized natural material from the Romanian type locality, Băița Bihor, whereas Grice refined a separate natural Penobsquis, New Brunswick, crystal in monoclinic P21/a with two hydrogen positions. Grice's boron and water quantities were ideal calculated values, not directly measured assays; the reported analytical total exceeds 100%. Szaibélyite is distinct from the manganese-dominant sussexite species, synthetic magnesium-borate products, elemental boron and the borates commodity. No criticality, microbial mechanism or industrial performance is inherited.

Szomolnokite is the monoclinic ferrous sulfate monohydrate mineral, Fe(II)(SO4)·H2O, distinct from tetrahydrate rozenite and heptahydrate melanterite. The September 2026 IMA list recognizes it as a grandfathered species. The accepted laboratory experiment follows diffraction-assigned szomolnokite as a transient product during heating of a natural melanterite-rich powder. The same experiment supports the separate rozenite record; these records do not constitute independent experimental replication. Phase fractions and thermal mass losses are not isolated mineral recovery yields, and no microbial transformation is established.

Tenorite is the monoclinic copper(II) oxide mineral CuO, distinct from cuprite (Cu2O), elemental copper and unspecified copper-oxide nanoparticles. The September 2026 IMA list records approved status A with a 1962 special-procedure action, not a sequential approval number. The accepted experiment concerns a synthetic analogue assigned to monoclinic CuO after heating material conditioned with fungal biomass filtrate. It does not establish direct living-cell formation, phase purity or isolated copper recovery. No elemental copper criticality designation is inherited.

The element Sn, distinct from organotin compounds, dissolved inorganic tin, tin minerals, indium tin oxide and tin-bearing waste resources. The United States 2025 list's Tin designation is mapped to this element; it does not automatically designate tributyltin or contaminated sediment as critical. The curated microbial experiment concerns organotin ligand transformation, not destruction of the tin element or production of metallic tin.

Tincalconite is the Na2B4O5(OH)4(H2O)3 mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1878 rather than a sequential approval identifier. It is distinct from borax, kernite, elemental boron and the borates commodity. Pabst and Sawyer characterized clear natural crystals from a Searles Lake drill core at about 116 feet depth; direct crystallization from brine was their interpretation of the occurrence, not an observed formation experiment. Giacovazzo et al. refined synthetic crystals grown from aqueous borax near 80 degrees C in trigonal R32. Luck and Wang later refined at 291(2) K a synthetic crystal obtained from layered aqueous sodium borohydride and tetraheptylammonium iodide in acetone, also in R32. Their partially occupied water-oxygen model favored Na6[B4O5(OH)4]3·8H2O, equivalent to 2.667 waters per Na2B4O5(OH)4 unit, rather than the three waters retained in the current IMA formula. Their freely refined O12 occupancy was 0.337(5); this is a crystallographic model result, not a measured water extraction yield or a new accepted mineral species. The 2002 Table 1 formula H28B12Na6O27 omits oxygen relative to the article's stated hydrated formula; its formula mass is therefore not adopted. Natural species identity, synthetic structural models and experimentally transformed mixed material remain separate. No commodity criticality, microbial activity or industrial recovery claim is inherited.

Titanium in metallic commercial forms, considered as a raw-material commodity. USGS distinguishes titanium sponge metal and downstream metal forms from titanium dioxide pigment and mineral concentrates. Sponge is one metal form, not the entire commodity. This record is distinct from the titanium element as a chemical identity, titanium-bearing minerals, titanium oxides and any particular alloy formulation or waste stream. The designations preserve the titanium-metal scope in the original EU 2024 lists. A culture-containing grinding study used titanium sponge alongside an incompletely identified titanium-industry waste feed and reported fine titanium-compound powders. Its pooled results do not establish sponge-specific recovery, microbial enhancement or production of pure titanium metal.

• Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Tunellite is the SrB6O9(OH)2(H2O)3 mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with approved status A and special-procedure notation 1967 s.p., not a unique approval identifier. It is distinct from veatchite, elemental boron and strontium, and mixed borate ores. The monoclinic P21/a structure contains hexaborate units with three boron triangles and three tetrahedra, polymerized into sheets. The 1994 refinement of California specimen CMN 57614 located eight hydrogen sites using X-ray difference-Fourier maps with soft O-H distance constraints; seven sites participate in interpreted hydrogen bonds, five between sheets. This superseded the 1964 geometrical proposal, which had not located hydrogen sites. Separate Turkish material supplied the historical heating experiments below. No criticality, microbial mechanism or industrial deployment is inferred.

Ulexite is the NaCaB5O6(OH)6(H2O)5 mineral species in the September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list, with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1850 rather than a sequential approval identifier. It is distinct from elemental boron, the borates commodity, colemanite, borax and tincalconite. Ghose, Wan and Clark refined a natural Boron Mine, California, crystal in triclinic P-1, with isolated pentaborate groups and hydrogen-bonded sodium and calcium coordination polyhedra. The thermal products in the experiment below are explicitly identified phases or diffraction-amorphous material, not additional accepted mineral species. No commodity criticality, microbial activity or industrial recovery claim is inherited.

Uranophane is the calcium uranyl silicate hydrate mineral Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2(H2O)4·H2O in the September 2026 IMA list. It is the historical alpha polymorph; the former beta polymorph is the distinct species parauranophane. CNMNC approved these names in August 2022. The IMA entry Rn, 2022 s.p. records a renaming by special procedure, not a unique approval accession. Natural Nopal I material was distinguished from the beta polymorph by powder diffraction in the 1993 study. Separate experiments on natural Shinkolobwe crystals and synthetic uranophane powders support abiotic laboratory dissolution and surface alteration. Neither the uranium constituent nor mineral occurrence establishes a criticality designation, microbial mechanism or industrial recovery.

Vandenbrandeite is the copper uranyl tetrahydroxide mineral Cu(UO2)(OH)4, distinct from elemental uranium, copper commodities and other copper uranyl minerals. The September 2026 IMA list gives grandfathered status G; 1932 is its original-description year, not an approval accession. Colmenero and colleagues refined a natural Musonoi, Democratic Republic of Congo crystal in triclinic P-1 at room temperature, including hydrogen positions obtained from difference-Fourier maps with soft O-H constraints. Their experimental structure and Raman spectrum are distinct from calculated elastic and thermodynamic properties. The natural Kalongwe material used for the earlier thermal study is a separate specimen population. No criticality designation, microbial mechanism or industrial recovery is inferred.

Variscite is the orthorhombic hydrated aluminum phosphate mineral Al(PO4)(H2O)2, conventionally AlPO4·2H2O. The September 2026 IMA-CNMNC list records approved status A and 1967 s.p., a special-procedure entry rather than a numbered new-mineral proposal. It is distinct from monoclinic metavariscite, anhydrous berlinite, aluminum metal and mixed phosphate resources. The curated mechanism is an abiotic foundation for phosphate-phase transformation; no microbial mechanism or constituent-derived criticality is assigned.

Willemite is the zinc orthosilicate mineral Zn2SiO4, listed by IMA-CNMNC in September 2026 with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1830. It is distinct from hemimorphite, zincite, elemental zinc and mixed zinc-bearing ores or slags. The evidence concerns willemite assigned within weathered smelting slag associated with a lichen, and a separate synthetic analogue in laboratory acid leaching. The field study does not establish the lichen's necessary causal contribution, and the synthetic feed has unresolved composition inconsistencies. No inherited criticality, phase-specific recovered-product yield or industrial deployment is asserted.

• Stereocaulon exutum

Wulfenite is the lead molybdate mineral species PbMoO4, distinct from elemental lead or molybdenum, the tungstate endmember stolzite and an unspecified lead-bearing ore or precipitate. The Handbook of Mineralogy identifies its tetragonal structure and documents W-bearing compositions. Gracanin and colleagues (2024) characterized natural tabular and bipyramidal crystals from Mezica, Slovenia: single-crystal diffraction assigned both examined forms to I41/a, while microscopy showed inclusions within the otherwise compositionally wulfenite host. Their environmental growth reconstruction is an inference, not a monitored precipitation experiment. The publisher correction repairs the legends of Figures 1-6; the updated figures and Tables 1-4 are used here. The separately studied Xinjiang material underwent abiotic sodium-sulfide treatment in the laboratory. This record does not establish a microbial mechanism, an isolated-metal recovery yield or industrial deployment. Criticality is unrecorded.

The element Yb, distinct from its dissolved ions, experimental chloride salt, phosphate phases, ores and manufactured materials. The dated US designation concerns the named ytterbium mineral commodity. The curated laboratory assay documents culture-associated aqueous depletion; it does not establish a particular mineral phase, purified product or industrial recovery process.

• Penidiella sp. T9

The element Y, distinct from its trivalent ion, experimental chloride salt, host minerals and rare-earth commodity mixtures. The dated US designation concerns the named yttrium mineral commodity; it does not establish criticality of every Y-bearing substance. Laboratory evidence concerns yttrium associated with washed algal biomass, without establishing intracellular transport, isolated-product recovery or industrial deployment.

• Galdieria

Zeunerite is the copper uranyl arsenate mineral Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2(H2O)4·8H2O in the September 2026 IMA list, with grandfathered status G. The year 1872 denotes its original description, not a numbered IMA approval. Its ideal twelve-water composition is distinct from eight-water metazeunerite, phosphate torbernite, calcium meta-autunite and elemental uranium, copper or arsenic. Synthetic-crystal X-ray diffraction and a later partially deuterated synthetic-powder neutron study support P4/nnc models under their respective conditions. Hydrogen positions and disorder are model-dependent; these experiments do not establish natural-specimen homogeneity, long-term containment, a universal dehydration threshold or an extraction yield. No criticality or microbial activity is inferred from composition.

Zincite is the hexagonal ZnO mineral species listed by IMA-CNMNC in September 2026 with grandfathered status G and original-description year 1845, not a numbered approval. The Handbook documents natural Zn-dominant oxide with possible Mn substitution. This owner is distinct from elemental zinc, hydrozincite, zinc oxalate and mixed zinc-bearing wastes. Evidence below concerns commercial zincite-structured ZnO in fungal experiments and a separate source-described natural zincite specimen in an abiotic dissolution experiment. Commercial particles are synthetic analogues, not natural ore. No criticality designation, phase-specific recovery yield or industrial deployment is asserted.

• Aspergillus niger

The element Zr, distinct from zirconium salts, zirconia phases, zircon mineral and zirconium-metal commodities. The United States 2025 Zirconium designation is mapped to this element without extending it to every host mineral or compound. The curated laboratory preparation combines microbial culture with subsequent thermal processing and does not establish isolated zirconium-metal recovery.