A Bacillus-Saccharomyces synthetic consortium used as a representative Daqu solid-state fermentation model for starch-mediated spatial cooperation. Temporal transcriptomics connected Bacillus-dominated starch hydrolysis with Saccharomyces-driven ethanol production across fermentation stages, fluorescently labeled synthetic consortia showed that starch availability governed colony expansion and spatial cooperation, and an engineered consortium carrying an IPTG-inducible alpha-amylase expression system was applied in Daqu fermentation to improve starch conversion efficiency and flavor compound formation.
Taxonomy
| Taxon | Ontology ID | Functional Roles | Abundance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus — ontology label: Bacillus <firmicutes> | NCBITaxon:1386 · TaxonMech · TraitMech |
PRIMARY_DEGRADER
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N/A |
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| Saccharomyces | NCBITaxon:4930 · TaxonMech · TraitMech |
SECONDARY_FERMENTER
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N/A |
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Ecological Interactions
The graph shows only explicitly linked interaction participants. Community members without an asserted participant link are omitted; membership alone does not imply an interaction.
Bacillus-dominated starch hydrolysis
Bacillus-dominated starch hydrolysis characterized the liquefaction stage of the Daqu fermentation succession.
Participating Taxa: Bacillus
Metabolites: starch (CHEBI:28017 · MediaIngredientMech · CMMMech)
Biological Processes:
- starch catabolic process (GO:0005983 · PathwayMech)
Evidence
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PMID:42679964 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)"Bacillus-dominated starch hydrolysis during the liquefaction stage and Saccharomyces-driven ethanol production during the subsequent fermentation stage."
Saccharomyces-driven ethanol production
Saccharomyces drove ethanol production during the fermentation stage following Bacillus-dominated starch hydrolysis.
Participating Taxa: Saccharomyces
Metabolites: ethanol (CHEBI:16236 · MediaIngredientMech · CMMMech)
Biological Processes:
- fermentation (GO:0006113 · PathwayMech)
Evidence
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PMID:42679964 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)"Saccharomyces-driven ethanol production during the subsequent fermentation stage"
Starch-mediated Bacillus-Saccharomyces spatial cooperation
The abstract reports that starch availability governs colony expansion and spatial cooperation in fluorescently labeled Bacillus-Saccharomyces consortia. An IPTG-inducible alpha-amylase system supports experimental control of starch availability. These are experimentally supported cooperation results, not a demonstrated competition-reducing partition or a specified transferred metabolite.
Participating Taxa: Bacillus, Saccharomyces
Metabolites: starch (CHEBI:28017 · MediaIngredientMech · CMMMech)
Biological Processes:
- starch catabolic process (GO:0005983 · PathwayMech)
- fermentation (GO:0006113 · PathwayMech)
Evidence
-
PMID:42679964 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)"Fluorescently labeled Bacillus-Saccharomyces synthetic consortia further demonstrated that starch availability critically governs colony expansion and spatial cooperation."
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PMID:42679964 - PARTIAL (IN_VITRO)"spatial cooperation between Bacillus and Saccharomyces on starch substrates is a key mechanism linking efficient starch utilization to enhanced flavor production"
Knowledge gaps & discussions (2)
KNOWLEDGE_GAP OPEN Which Bacillus and Saccharomyces strains, fluorescent labels, alpha-amylase construct host, inoculation ratio, Daqu matrix, humidity, temperature, and fermentation duration were used for the engineered Daqu spatial-cooperation consortium?
The PubMed abstract identifies a Bacillus-Saccharomyces synthetic consortium, fluorescent labeling, Daqu fermentation, starch-availability control, and an IPTG-inducible alpha-amylase expression system, but it does not expose the exact species or strains, construct host, or reproducible solid-state cultivation recipe.
Attaches to: growth_media#Daqu starch solid-state fermentation, engineering_design#assembly_strategy
KNOWLEDGE_GAP OPEN Which transferred substrates and spatial mechanisms mediate the observed cooperation?
The complete abstract supports temporal transcriptomic stages, starch perturbation and inducible alpha-amylase control. Temporal order alone does not establish hydrolysis-to-ethanol mediation. Full methods, strain/construct identities, figures and supplements remain unread; no claim is made that additional experiments are absent. Prior dangling flavor targets remain removed.
Attaches to: ecological_interactions#Bacillus-dominated starch hydrolysis, ecological_interactions#Saccharomyces-driven ethanol production, ecological_interactions#Starch-mediated Bacillus-Saccharomyces spatial cooperation
External Resources
| Name | Repository | Resource ID |
|---|---|---|
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PubMed - Bacillus-Saccharomyces Daqu spatial-cooperation SynCom
PubMed record for the Bioresource Technology 2026 primary article describing Bacillus-Saccharomyces spatial cooperation during Daqu solid-state fermentation. |
OTHER | PMID:42679964 |
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DOI - Bacillus-Saccharomyces Daqu spatial-cooperation SynCom
DOI landing page for the Bioresource Technology primary article describing the Bacillus-Saccharomyces Daqu engineered consortium. |
OTHER | doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135755 |
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