A repeatedly studied defined consortium of four Argentine Streptomyces soil and sediment isolates: A2, A5, A11, and M7. The unchanged composition has been evaluated across liquid cultures, immobilized cultures, soil slurries, microcosms, and mesocosms for lindane and other chlorinated pesticides, and most recently for atrazine removal and detoxification.
Taxonomy
| Taxon | Ontology ID | Functional Roles | Abundance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Streptomyces sp. A2 — ontology label: Streptomyces sp. | NCBITaxon:1931 · TaxonMech · TraitMech | N/A | |
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| Streptomyces sp. A5 — ontology label: Streptomyces sp. | NCBITaxon:1931 · TaxonMech · TraitMech | N/A | |
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| Streptomyces sp. A11 — ontology label: Streptomyces sp. | NCBITaxon:1931 · TaxonMech · TraitMech | N/A | |
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| Streptomyces sp. M7 — ontology label: Streptomyces sp. | NCBITaxon:1931 · TaxonMech · TraitMech | N/A | |
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Ecological Interactions
The graph shows only explicitly linked interaction participants. Community members without an asserted participant link are omitted; membership alone does not imply an interaction.
Non-antagonistic community-level growth enhancement
The exact four-strain mixture showed non-antagonism and greater aggregate biomass than the corresponding pure cultures in the reported pesticide experiment. These observations do not measure reciprocal benefit to each member. The 2013 paper includes other mixtures, including a six-member immobilized system whose results are not assigned to this four-member record.
Metabolites: chlorpyrifos (CHEBI:34631 · MediaIngredientMech · CMMMech), pentachlorophenol (CHEBI:17642 · MediaIngredientMech · CMMMech)
Biological Processes:
- xenobiotic metabolic process (GO:0006805 · PathwayMech)
Evidence
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PMID:23865051 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)"Results revealed that the strains did not have any antagonistic effects and showed tolerance against the pesticides mixture. In fact, the growth of mixed cultures was significantly higher than in pure cultures."
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PMID:41678860 - PARTIAL (IN_VITRO)"revealing their metabolic versatility and potential cooperative work, fundamental for the degradation of xenobiotic compounds."
C1 Herbicide-Catabolism Gene Detection
The 2026 source detected at least one herbicide-catabolism-associated gene in each C1 member. This supports distributed genetic potential, not measured expression, enzyme activity or a demonstrated contribution of each member to removal.
Metabolites: atrazine (CHEBI:15930 · MediaIngredientMech · CMMMech)
Biological Processes:
- xenobiotic metabolic process (GO:0006805 · PathwayMech)
HYPOTHESIZED/PARTIAL: the detected catabolic genes could underlie the reported C1 atrazine growth/removal phenotype. The accessible abstract reports gene presence and community outcomes but does not isolate gene activity or member-specific contributions as causal mediators.
Evidence
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PMID:41678860 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)"the presence of at least one of the genes that encode enzymes involved in the herbicide degradation was detected in all C1 members."
C1 Atrazine Growth and Removal
The exact A2-A5-A11-M7 consortium showed growth and atrazine removal in the source nutrient-role comparisons. Preserve these observed liquid-culture outcomes without treating parent-compound removal as complete mineralization or measured reciprocal partner benefit.
Metabolites: atrazine (CHEBI:15930 · MediaIngredientMech · CMMMech)
Biological Processes:
- xenobiotic metabolic process (GO:0006805 · PathwayMech)
HYPOTHESIZED/PARTIAL: atrazine removal could contribute to the reported decrease in phytotoxicity after C1 treatment. The accessible abstract does not establish parent-compound depletion as the sole cause, resolve transformation-product effects or demonstrate complete mineralization.
Evidence
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PMID:41678860 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)"These results demonstrated the ability of C1 to remove atrazine and use it as a carbon or nitrogen source"
C1 Atrazine Phytotoxicity Reversal
The source phytotoxicity tests found that C1 treatment reversed the measured herbicide toxicity, with differing outcomes across the nutrient-role comparisons. Preserve this positive tested endpoint without attributing it exclusively to parent-compound depletion or generalizing it to all toxicity endpoints.
Metabolites: atrazine (CHEBI:15930 · MediaIngredientMech · CMMMech)
Biological Processes:
- xenobiotic metabolic process (GO:0006805 · PathwayMech)
Evidence
-
PMID:41678860 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)"Phytotoxicity tests demonstrated the ability of C1 to reverse the herbicide toxicity, especially with atrazine as a carbon source."
Knowledge gaps & discussions (1)
KNOWLEDGE_GAP OPEN Do the detected genes and atrazine removal independently establish the mechanisms of C1 performance and reduced phytotoxicity?
Retain the exact four-member observations. Aggregate biomass and compatibility are not reciprocal benefit. Gene detection does not establish expression or flux, and treatment-associated phytotoxicity reversal does not isolate its mediator. Keep the two existing directions qualified; do not transfer six-member immobilized-culture results. The 2026 abstract and bounded 2013 results were read, not full methods or all source formulations.
Attaches to: ecological_interactions#Non-antagonistic community-level growth enhancement, ecological_interactions#C1 Herbicide-Catabolism Gene Detection, ecological_interactions#C1 Atrazine Growth and Removal, ecological_interactions#C1 Atrazine Phytotoxicity Reversal
2 evidence item(s)
the presence of at least one of the genes that encode enzymes involved in the herbicide degradation was detected in all C1 members.
Supports distribution of herbicide-catabolic potential across all four consortium members.
Phytotoxicity tests demonstrated the ability of C1 to reverse the herbicide toxicity, especially with atrazine as a carbon source.
Supports the reported post-treatment phytotoxicity endpoint, not an isolated depletion-mediated causal mechanism.
External Resources
| Name | Repository | Resource ID |
|---|---|---|
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2011 defined lindane consortium study
Original selection study for lindane degradation by the exact A2-A5-A11-M7 composition. |
OTHER | doi:10.1007/s11270-011-0818-5 |
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2012 immobilized lindane cultures study
Compared free and immobilized cultures and reuse of the exact four-strain consortium. |
OTHER | PMID:22840534 |
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2013 chlorpyrifos-pentachlorophenol mixture study
Evaluated the exact consortium as one of several pure and mixed cultures against a two-pesticide mixture. |
OTHER | PMID:23865051 |
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2014 immobilized soil-slurry study
Tested the exact consortium in cloth sachets at different inoculum, lindane, and slurry concentrations. |
OTHER | doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.05.013 |
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2015 acclimation and lindane-biodegradation study
Tested acclimated and non-acclimated free and immobilized forms of the exact consortium. |
OTHER | doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2015.08.014 |
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2017 mixed-organochlorine pesticide study
Evaluated simultaneous lindane, chlordane, and methoxychlor removal in liquid, soil, and slurry systems. |
OTHER | doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.044 |
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2019 lindane soil-texture study
Compared bioaugmentation outcomes in sandy, silty-loam, and clayey soils. |
OTHER | doi:10.1007/s42729-018-0003-7 |
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2020 sugarcane-bagasse biostimulation study
Coupled the exact consortium with sugarcane-bagasse biostimulation in different soils. |
OTHER | PMID:31430718 |
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2020 sugarcane-filter-cake biostimulation study
Optimized soil bioaugmentation with the exact consortium plus sugarcane filter cake. |
OTHER | doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110143 |
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2020 microcosm-to-mesocosm scaling study
Scaled bioaugmentation with the exact consortium and sugarcane filter cake from microcosms to mesocosms. |
OTHER | doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111309 |
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2026 atrazine-removal study
Tested the exact consortium as C1 for atrazine growth, removal, gene detection, and phytotoxicity reversal. |
OTHER | PMID:41678860 |
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Environmental Factors
| Factor | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Atrazine concentration | 25 and 50 | mg/L |
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| Atrazine nutrient role | sole carbon source or sole nitrogen source | N/A |
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| Atrazine phytotoxicity reversal | strongest with atrazine as carbon source | N/A |
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| Lindane removal in immobilized mixed culture | 81 | percent |
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Growth Media
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