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Wheat Crown-Rot Six-Strain Cross-Kingdom SMC

Community ID CommunityMech:000414
Ecological State ENGINEERED
Environment wheat rhizosphere — ontology label: rhizosphere
ENVO:00005801 · HabitatMech ↗
Modeled Environment wheat plant-associated environment — ontology label: plant-associated environment
ENVO:01001001 · HabitatMech ↗

A six-strain cross-kingdom wheat-rhizosphere synthetic microbial community that combined Trichoderma harzianum T19, Bacillus subtilis BS-Z15, Bacillus spizizenii PM9, Bacillus rugosus PM16, Bacillus rugosus S32, and Bacillus halotolerans S8 for nonsterile-soil wheat pot assays against Fusarium pseudograminearum Fusarium crown rot. Zhou et al. 2026 assembled the SMC from antagonistic, growth-promoting, and auxiliary wheat-rhizosphere isolates and compared sterile-water, Fusarium-only, SMC-only, and SMC-plus-Fusarium treatments for plant growth, disease severity, resident rhizosphere amplicon profiles, co-occurrence networks, and rhizosphere metabolomics.

Taxonomy

Taxon Ontology ID Functional Roles Abundance
Trichoderma harzianum T19 — ontology label: Trichoderma harzianum NCBITaxon:5544 · TaxonMech · TraitMech
PATHOGEN_ANTAGONIST
N/A
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "The core microbial strains used in this study were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of healthy wheat plants collected from experimental fields at Xinjiang Normal University (Urumqi, China)."
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "The six functional strains were identified as follows: B. subtilis BS-Z15 (CCTCC M 20251892), B. spizizenii PM9 (CCTCC M 20251894), B. rugosus PM16 (CCTCC M 20251895), T. harzianum T19 (CCTCC M 20251896), B. rugosus S32 (CCTCC M 20251897), and B. halotolerans S8 (CCTCC M 20251898)."
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "Based on prior screening, we assembled an SMC comprising antagonists (T19 and BS-Z15), growth-promoting strains (PM9 and PM16), and auxiliary strains (S8 and S32) (Figure G)."
Bacillus subtilis BS-Z15 — ontology label: Bacillus subtilis NCBITaxon:1423 · TaxonMech · TraitMech
PATHOGEN_ANTAGONIST
N/A
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "The core microbial strains used in this study were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of healthy wheat plants collected from experimental fields at Xinjiang Normal University (Urumqi, China)."
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "The six functional strains were identified as follows: B. subtilis BS-Z15 (CCTCC M 20251892), B. spizizenii PM9 (CCTCC M 20251894), B. rugosus PM16 (CCTCC M 20251895), T. harzianum T19 (CCTCC M 20251896), B. rugosus S32 (CCTCC M 20251897), and B. halotolerans S8 (CCTCC M 20251898)."
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "Based on prior screening, we assembled an SMC comprising antagonists (T19 and BS-Z15), growth-promoting strains (PM9 and PM16), and auxiliary strains (S8 and S32) (Figure G)."
Bacillus spizizenii PM9 — ontology label: Bacillus spizizenii NCBITaxon:96241 · TaxonMech · TraitMech N/A
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "The core microbial strains used in this study were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of healthy wheat plants collected from experimental fields at Xinjiang Normal University (Urumqi, China)."
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "The six functional strains were identified as follows: B. subtilis BS-Z15 (CCTCC M 20251892), B. spizizenii PM9 (CCTCC M 20251894), B. rugosus PM16 (CCTCC M 20251895), T. harzianum T19 (CCTCC M 20251896), B. rugosus S32 (CCTCC M 20251897), and B. halotolerans S8 (CCTCC M 20251898)."
Bacillus rugosus PM16 — ontology label: Bacillus rugosus NCBITaxon:2715209 · TaxonMech · TraitMech N/A
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "The core microbial strains used in this study were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of healthy wheat plants collected from experimental fields at Xinjiang Normal University (Urumqi, China)."
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "The six functional strains were identified as follows: B. subtilis BS-Z15 (CCTCC M 20251892), B. spizizenii PM9 (CCTCC M 20251894), B. rugosus PM16 (CCTCC M 20251895), T. harzianum T19 (CCTCC M 20251896), B. rugosus S32 (CCTCC M 20251897), and B. halotolerans S8 (CCTCC M 20251898)."
Bacillus rugosus S32 — ontology label: Bacillus rugosus NCBITaxon:2715209 · TaxonMech · TraitMech N/A
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "The core microbial strains used in this study were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of healthy wheat plants collected from experimental fields at Xinjiang Normal University (Urumqi, China)."
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "The six functional strains were identified as follows: B. subtilis BS-Z15 (CCTCC M 20251892), B. spizizenii PM9 (CCTCC M 20251894), B. rugosus PM16 (CCTCC M 20251895), T. harzianum T19 (CCTCC M 20251896), B. rugosus S32 (CCTCC M 20251897), and B. halotolerans S8 (CCTCC M 20251898)."
Bacillus halotolerans S8 — ontology label: Bacillus halotolerans NCBITaxon:260554 · TaxonMech · TraitMech N/A
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "The core microbial strains used in this study were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of healthy wheat plants collected from experimental fields at Xinjiang Normal University (Urumqi, China)."
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)
    "The six functional strains were identified as follows: B. subtilis BS-Z15 (CCTCC M 20251892), B. spizizenii PM9 (CCTCC M 20251894), B. rugosus PM16 (CCTCC M 20251895), T. harzianum T19 (CCTCC M 20251896), B. rugosus S32 (CCTCC M 20251897), and B. halotolerans S8 (CCTCC M 20251898)."

Ecological Interactions

The graph shows only explicitly linked interaction participants. Community members without an asserted participant link are omitted; membership alone does not imply an interaction.

Ecological interaction network for Wheat Crown-Rot Six-Strain Cross-Kingdom SMC Bipartite graph where circles represent taxa and non-circular symbols represent interactions. Rare or untyped interactions share the Other symbol; exact curated types remain in the interaction details.
Taxon
Other

Six-strain SMC suppression of Fusarium crown rot

The six-strain T19-plus-Bacillus SMC reduced the reported crown-rot DSI from 86.45% in pathogen-only pots to 25.93% with SMC, a 70.01% relative reduction, in nonsterile soil. Plant growth and thousand-kernel weight also improved. Preserve these controlled-pot treatment benefits without equating lower disease with bilateral competition or uniquely resolved immune, nutrient or microbial mediators. The design does not isolate the necessity of each SMC strain, and it is not multilocation field validation.

Biological Processes:

Evidence

  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VIVO)
    "With SMC treatment, the DSI decreased to 25.93%, a 70.01% reduction relative to Fp, demonstrating marked control efficacy."
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VIVO)
    "SMC+Fp increased TKW by 10.39% relative to Fp"

SMC-associated wheat rhizosphere remodeling

SMC treatment altered resident rhizosphere DNA-based composition, including higher relative abundances of Chaetomium, Trichoderma and Mortierella. Relative abundance is not absolute viable abundance or strain-resolved establishment of the inoculum. Functional assignments to enriched taxa and correlation-network associations are not direct measurements of nutrient transfer, mutualism, ecological necessity or stability after perturbation. These observations do not isolate remodeling as the causal mediator of the positive plant outcome.

Evidence

  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (IN_VIVO)
    "SMC and SMC+Fp increased the relative abundances of growth-promoting and antagonistic genera, including Chaetomium, Trichoderma, and Mortierella."
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (OTHER)
    "Total DNA was extracted from soil using a commercial soil DNA extraction kit"

Knowledge gaps & discussions (1)

KNOWLEDGE_GAP OPEN Which SMC-dependent routes cause protection beyond community and metabolite associations?

Compatibility tests support nonantagonism, not demonstrated cross-feeding. The source reports positive plant responses to added allantoin and dihydrodaidzein and no direct antifungal activity of those compounds in the tested assay. This supports candidate host-mediated effects, not their necessity in the intact SMC or proof of a specific immune pathway. Community correlations likewise do not isolate the responsible taxa. Fresh primary text differs from existing cache wording; graph quotes use verified passages and the broader provenance discrepancy is tracked separately.

Attaches to: ecological_interactions#Six-strain SMC suppression of Fusarium crown rot, ecological_interactions#SMC-associated wheat rhizosphere remodeling

4 evidence item(s)
PMID:41504167

functional validation at the molecular and genetic levels remains limited

PMID:41504167

showed no direct antifungal activity of either compound

PMID:41504167

significantly reduced DSI

PMID:41504167

These data demonstrate that the Bacillus supernatants are nonantagonistic to T19

External Resources

Name Repository Resource ID
Primary publication - six-strain wheat cross-kingdom SMC
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry study reporting the six-strain T19-plus-Bacillus SMC for wheat Fusarium crown-rot suppression. 		OTHER PMID:41504167
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (OTHER)
    "Cross-Kingdom Synthetic Microbiota Suppresses Wheat Fusarium Crown Rot by Remodeling the Rhizosphere Microbiome and Metabolome"
DOI - six-strain wheat cross-kingdom SMC
DOI landing page for PMID:41504167. 		OTHER doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c11786
  • PMID:41504167 - SUPPORT (OTHER)
    "DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c11786"

Growth Media

nonsterile wheat soil pot assay

Temperature 25 °C

Preparation notes: Each pot contained 1,100 g of air-dried nonsterile soil. Fusarium pseudograminearum was applied first, and the SMC was inoculated one week later.

Evidence

PMID:41504167

"Each pot contained 1,100 g of air-dried, nonsterile soil. The pot experiment was conducted in the plant tissue culture room at Xinjiang Normal University (25 °C; 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod)."

PMID:41504167

"Fp was applied at 1 × 106 CFU mL–1, and the SMC was inoculated 1 week later."

six-strain SMC liquid precultures

Preparation notes: T19 conidia were produced in carboxymethyl cellulose liquid medium at 28 °C for 5 d; each Bacillus member was grown in nutrient broth at 37 °C for 8 h, adjusted to OD600 0.1, and mixed with T19 by equal volume.

Evidence

PMID:41504167

"Conidia of T. harzianum T19 were produced in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) liquid medium at 28 °C for 5 d, then filtered through four layers of sterile gauze."

PMID:41504167

"The five core bacterial strains were grown in nutrient broth (NB) at 37 °C for 8 h; each culture was adjusted to an OD600 of 0.1 and resuspended in sterile water."

Cross-Mech Suite Links

Explore related entities across the CultureBotAI X-Mech knowledge bases:

HabitatMech: wheat rhizosphere ↗ TaxonMech: Trichoderma harzianum T19 ↗ TraitMech: Trichoderma harzianum T19 ↗ TaxonMech: Bacillus subtilis BS-Z15 ↗ TraitMech: Bacillus subtilis BS-Z15 ↗ TaxonMech: Bacillus spizizenii PM9 ↗ TraitMech: Bacillus spizizenii PM9 ↗ TaxonMech: Bacillus rugosus PM16 ↗ TraitMech: Bacillus rugosus PM16 ↗ TaxonMech: Bacillus rugosus S32 ↗ TraitMech: Bacillus rugosus S32 ↗ TaxonMech: Bacillus halotolerans S8 ↗ TraitMech: Bacillus halotolerans S8 ↗ CultureMech Growth Media ↗ PathwayMech Pathways ↗