Overview
- External ontology
- mediadive.medium:119 (source link unavailable) — METHANOBACTERIUM MEDIUM
- Applications
-
- Microbial cultivation
- pH range
- {'min': 6.8, 'max': 7.0}
- Notes
- Source: DSMZ | Link: https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf Superseded historical provenance (not a current formulation claim): Commercial Product: LB Medium (Luria-Bertani, Miller formulation) Supplier: Multiple suppliers (Difco, Sigma, etc.) Catalog: Multiple (L3522 Sigma, 244520 BD) Source: https://www.laboratorynotes.com/preparation-of-luria-bertani-lb-miller-broth/ Accessed: 2026-03-28 Constituent composition researched from product specification. Archive all prior ingredient nodes, including false LB expansion, combined yeast amounts and copied or chemically inexact annotations, in append-only history. New nodes follow this exact source's stage and label; other unchanged chemical annotations are preserved, not recertified. Source-scoped recipe inputs supersede unsupported flattened concentrations and false LB identities. All prior history and permanent IDs remain unchanged; unquantified quantities remain unknown. No taxa-media association is added.
Composition
flowchart LR
CultureMech_000643["methanobacterium_medium"]
ing0_KH2PO4["KH2PO4"]
CultureMech_000643 --> ing0_KH2PO4
CHEBI_63036["CHEBI:63036"]
ing0_KH2PO4 -.-> CHEBI_63036
ing1_MgSO4_x_7_H2O["MgSO4 x 7 H2O"]
CultureMech_000643 --> ing1_MgSO4_x_7_H2O
CHEBI_31795["CHEBI:31795"]
ing1_MgSO4_x_7_H2O -.-> CHEBI_31795
ing2_NaCl["NaCl"]
CultureMech_000643 --> ing2_NaCl
CHEBI_26710["CHEBI:26710"]
ing2_NaCl -.-> CHEBI_26710
ing3_NH4Cl["NH4Cl"]
CultureMech_000643 --> ing3_NH4Cl
CHEBI_31206["CHEBI:31206"]
ing3_NH4Cl -.-> CHEBI_31206
ing4_CaCl2_x_2_H2O["CaCl2 x 2 H2O"]
CultureMech_000643 --> ing4_CaCl2_x_2_H2O
CHEBI_86158["CHEBI:86158"]
ing4_CaCl2_x_2_H2O -.-> CHEBI_86158
ing5_Yeast_extract["Yeast extract"]
CultureMech_000643 --> ing5_Yeast_extract
ing6_Na_acetate["Na-acetate"]
CultureMech_000643 --> ing6_Na_acetate
CHEBI_32954["CHEBI:32954"]
ing6_Na_acetate -.-> CHEBI_32954
ing7_Na_formate["Na-formate"]
CultureMech_000643 --> ing7_Na_formate
CHEBI_62965["CHEBI:62965"]
ing7_Na_formate -.-> CHEBI_62965
ing8_NaHCO3["NaHCO3"]
CultureMech_000643 --> ing8_NaHCO3
CHEBI_32139["CHEBI:32139"]
ing8_NaHCO3 -.-> CHEBI_32139
ing9_L_Cysteine_HCl_x_H2O["L-Cysteine HCl x H2O"]
CultureMech_000643 --> ing9_L_Cysteine_HCl_x_H2O
CHEBI_91248["CHEBI:91248"]
ing9_L_Cysteine_HCl_x_H2O -.-> CHEBI_91248
ing10_Na2S_x_9_H2O["Na2S x 9 H2O"]
CultureMech_000643 --> ing10_Na2S_x_9_H2O
CHEBI_76209["CHEBI:76209"]
ing10_Na2S_x_9_H2O -.-> CHEBI_76209
ing11_Distilled_water["Distilled water"]
CultureMech_000643 --> ing11_Distilled_water
Ingredients (12)
| # | Ingredient | Concentration | Ontology | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
KH2PO4
H2O4P.K 136.084 g/mol
|
0.498504 G_PER_L |
CHEBI:63036
potassium dihydrogen phosphate
|
Direct basal input 0.5 g / explicit original final volume 1.003 L = 0.498504 g/L (six significant digits). Excludes stock preparation masses and applies only to base DSMZ 119. |
| 2 |
MgSO4 x 7 H2O
7H2O.Mg.O4S 246.473 g/mol
|
0.398804 G_PER_L |
CHEBI:31795
magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
|
Direct basal input 0.4 g / explicit original final volume 1.003 L = 0.398804 g/L (six significant digits). Excludes stock preparation masses and applies only to base DSMZ 119. |
| 3 |
NaCl
Cl.Na 58.443 g/mol
|
0.398804 G_PER_L |
CHEBI:26710
sodium chloride
|
Direct basal input 0.4 g / explicit original final volume 1.003 L = 0.398804 g/L (six significant digits). Excludes stock preparation masses and applies only to base DSMZ 119. |
| 4 |
NH4Cl
Cl.H4N 53.492 g/mol
|
0.398804 G_PER_L |
CHEBI:31206
ammonium chloride
|
Direct basal input 0.4 g / explicit original final volume 1.003 L = 0.398804 g/L (six significant digits). Excludes stock preparation masses and applies only to base DSMZ 119. |
| 5 |
CaCl2 x 2 H2O
Ca.2Cl.2H2O 147.014 g/mol
|
0.0498504 G_PER_L |
CHEBI:86158
calcium chloride dihydrate
|
Direct basal input 0.05 g / explicit original final volume 1.003 L = 0.0498504 g/L (six significant digits). Excludes stock preparation masses and applies only to base DSMZ 119. |
| 6 | Yeast extract | 0.997009 G_PER_L | Superseded flattening history, not a current amount: [Merged 2 duplicates: 0.997009, 4.0] Direct basal input 1 g / explicit original final volume 1.003 L = 0.997009 g/L (six significant digits). Excludes stock preparation masses and applies only to base DSMZ 119. Literal source material qualifier: OXOID. The old combined yeast amount mixed basal and sludge preparation stages. Keep their independent inputs separate; incubation and centrifugation do not prove quantitative yeast transfer to the final medium. | |
| 7 |
Na-acetate
C2H3O2.Na 82.034 g/mol
|
0.997009 G_PER_L |
CHEBI:32954
sodium acetate
|
Direct basal input 1 g / explicit original final volume 1.003 L = 0.997009 g/L (six significant digits). Excludes stock preparation masses and applies only to base DSMZ 119. |
| 8 |
Na-formate
CHO2.Na 68.007 g/mol
|
1.99402 G_PER_L |
CHEBI:62965
sodium formate
|
Direct basal input 2 g / explicit original final volume 1.003 L = 1.99402 g/L (six significant digits). Excludes stock preparation masses and applies only to base DSMZ 119. |
| 9 |
NaHCO3
CHO3.Na 84.006 g/mol
|
3.98804 G_PER_L |
CHEBI:32139
sodium hydrogencarbonate
|
Direct basal input 4 g / explicit original final volume 1.003 L = 3.98804 g/L (six significant digits). Excludes stock preparation masses and applies only to base DSMZ 119. |
| 10 |
L-Cysteine HCl x H2O
C3H7NO2S.H2O.HCl 175.637 g/mol
|
0.498504 G_PER_L |
CHEBI:91248
L-cysteine hydrochloride hydrate
|
Direct basal input 0.5 g / explicit original final volume 1.003 L = 0.498504 g/L (six significant digits). Excludes stock preparation masses and applies only to base DSMZ 119. |
| 11 |
Na2S x 9 H2O
9H2O.2Na.S 240.182 g/mol
|
0.498504 G_PER_L |
CHEBI:76209
sodium sulfide nonahydrate
|
Direct basal input 0.5 g / explicit original final volume 1.003 L = 0.498504 g/L (six significant digits). Excludes stock preparation masses and applies only to base DSMZ 119. |
| 12 | Distilled water | 0.93 L | Preparation input: 930 ml = 0.93 L. This is input volume, not a mass, stock dose or measured final-volume denominator. |
Preparation
- Dissolve ingredients except bicarbonate, cysteine and sulfide. Sparge medium with 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture for 30 - 45 min to make it anoxic. Add and dissolve bicarbonate, adjust pH to 6.5 and dispense medium under 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas atmosphere into anoxic Hungate-type tubes or serum vials to 30% of their volume and autoclave. Add cysteine and sulfide from sterile anoxic stock solutions prepared under 100% N2 gas. Prior to use check pH of complete medium and adjust to 6.8 - 7.0, if necessary.
- Note: After growth has started and the culture is becoming turbid add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 0.5 - 1 bar overpressure.
Solutions
Trace element solution SL-10
Dose: 0.001 L
| Ingredient | Concentration | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| HCl | 0.01 L | Preparation input: 10 ml = 0.01 L. This is input volume, not a mass, stock dose or measured final-volume denominator. Literal source material qualifier: 25%. The 25% basis is unspecified; do not infer a mass percentage or density. |
| FeCl2 x 4 H2O | 1.5 G_PER_L | Stock input 1.5 g = 1.5 g, divided by the explicitly made-up final stock volume of 1 L. Not a receiving-medium concentration. |
| ZnCl2 | 0.07 G_PER_L | Stock input 70 mg = 0.07 g, divided by the explicitly made-up final stock volume of 1 L. Not a receiving-medium concentration. |
| MnCl2 x 4 H2O | 0.1 G_PER_L | Stock input 100 mg = 0.1 g, divided by the explicitly made-up final stock volume of 1 L. Not a receiving-medium concentration. |
| H3BO3 | 0.006 G_PER_L | Stock input 6 mg = 0.006 g, divided by the explicitly made-up final stock volume of 1 L. Not a receiving-medium concentration. |
| CoCl2 x 6 H2O | 0.19 G_PER_L | Stock input 190 mg = 0.19 g, divided by the explicitly made-up final stock volume of 1 L. Not a receiving-medium concentration. |
| CuCl2 x 2 H2O | 0.002 G_PER_L | Stock input 2 mg = 0.002 g, divided by the explicitly made-up final stock volume of 1 L. Not a receiving-medium concentration. |
| NiCl2 x 6 H2O | 0.024 G_PER_L | Stock input 24 mg = 0.024 g, divided by the explicitly made-up final stock volume of 1 L. Not a receiving-medium concentration. Copied annotations do not establish the source's exact chemical form; withdraw them, preserve the literal source name, and archive the prior node. No replacement ontology identifier is inferred. |
| Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O | 0.036 G_PER_L | Stock input 36 mg = 0.036 g, divided by the explicitly made-up final stock volume of 1 L. Not a receiving-medium concentration. |
| Distilled water | 0.99 L | Preparation input: 990 ml = 0.99 L. This is input volume, not a mass, stock dose or measured final-volume denominator. |
Receiving-medium addition: 1 ml = 0.001 L of this prepared stock. This is an addition volume, not stock strength or final-medium concentration.
FeSO4 x 7 H2O solution (0.1% w/v)
Dose: 0.002 L
| Ingredient | Concentration | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| FeSO4 x 7 H2O | 0.1 PERCENT_W_V | The named stock explicitly has 0.1% w/v ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, prepared from 1 g and 1000 ml of 0.1 N sulfuric acid. The receiving dose remains separate. |
| H2SO4 | 1 L | Preparation input: 1000 ml = 1 L. This is input volume, not a mass, stock dose or measured final-volume denominator. Literal source material qualifier: 0.1 N. Retain 0.1 N as source text; no unsupported normality enum, molarity or g/L is introduced. |
Receiving-medium addition: 2 ml = 0.002 L of this prepared stock. This is an addition volume, not stock strength or final-medium concentration.
Sludge fluid
Dose: 0.05 L
| Ingredient | Concentration | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Yeast extract | Superseded flattening history, not a current amount: [Merged 2 duplicates: 0.997009, 4.0] Source batch input: 4 g. Keep the mass in notes; neither input water nor API volume/g_l encoding establishes a measured final volume. No g/L concentration is asserted. The old combined yeast amount mixed basal and sludge preparation stages. Keep their independent inputs separate; incubation and centrifugation do not prove quantitative yeast transfer to the final medium. | |
| Sludge | 1 L | Preparation input: 1000 ml = 1 L. This is input volume, not a mass, stock dose or measured final-volume denominator. |
Receiving-medium addition: 50 ml = 0.05 L of this prepared stock. This is an addition volume, not stock strength or final-medium concentration.
Fatty acid mixture
Dose: 0.02 L
| Ingredient | Concentration | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Isobutyric acid | 0.023 L | Preparation input: 23 ml = 0.023 L. This is input volume, not a mass, stock dose or measured final-volume denominator. |
| DL-2-Methylbutyric acid | 0.027 L | Preparation input: 27 ml = 0.027 L. This is input volume, not a mass, stock dose or measured final-volume denominator. |
| Valeric acid | 0.027 L | Preparation input: 27 ml = 0.027 L. This is input volume, not a mass, stock dose or measured final-volume denominator. |
| Isovaleric acid | 0.027 L | Preparation input: 27 ml = 0.027 L. This is input volume, not a mass, stock dose or measured final-volume denominator. |
| Distilled water | 0.896 L | Preparation input: 896 ml = 0.896 L. This is input volume, not a mass, stock dose or measured final-volume denominator. |
Receiving-medium addition: 20 ml = 0.02 L of this prepared stock. This is an addition volume, not stock strength or final-medium concentration.
Sodium resazurin (0.1% w/v)
Dose: 0.0005 L
| Ingredient | Concentration | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Sodium resazurin | 0.1 PERCENT_W_V | Explicit source stock strength; keep separate from its receiving-medium dose. No density or final-medium dilution is inferred. Copied annotations do not establish the source's exact chemical form; withdraw them, preserve the literal source name, and archive the prior node. No replacement ontology identifier is inferred. |
Receiving-medium addition: 0.5 ml = 0.0005 L of this prepared stock. This is an addition volume, not stock strength or final-medium concentration.
Target organisms
No target organisms are recorded.
Recipe variants
- Name
- For DSM 1093, DSM 1125, DSM 11977, DSM 11978, DSM 11995, DSM 16643
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Supplement medium after autoclaving with 1 ml/l Wolin's vitamin solution (10x, see medium 120), 0.30 g/l DL-dithiothreitol, and 0.15 g/l coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) from anoxic stock solutions sterilized by filtration. Omit Na2S x 9 H2O and L-Cysteine HCl x H2O.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 1093, DSM 1125, DSM 11977, DSM 11978, DSM 11995, DSM 16643: Supplement medium after autoclaving with 1 ml/l Wolin's vitamin solution (10x, see medium 120), 0.30 g/l DL-dithiothreitol, and 0.15 g/l coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) from anoxic stock solutions sterilized by filtration. Omit Na2S x 9 H2O and L-Cysteine HCl x H2O.
- Explanation
- variants[0].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 1093, DSM 1125, DSM 11977, DSM 11978, DSM 11995, DSM 16643: Supplement medium after autoclaving with 1 ml/l Wolin's vitamin solution (10x, see medium 120), 0.30 g/l DL-dithiothreitol, and 0.15 g/l coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) from anoxic stock solutions sterilized by filtration. Omit Na2S x 9 H2O and L-Cysteine HCl x H2O. variants[0].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 1093, DSM 1125, DSM 11977, DSM 11978, DSM 11995, DSM 16643: Supplement medium after autoclaving with 1 ml/l Wolin's vitamin solution (10x, see medium 120), 0.30 g/l DL-dithiothreitol, and 0.15 g/l coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) from anoxic stock solutions sterilized by filtration. Omit Na2S x 9 H2O and L-Cysteine HCl x H2O. variants[0].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 1535
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Adjust pH of complete medium to 7.6.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 1535: Adjust pH of complete medium to 7.6.
- Explanation
- variants[1].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 1535: Adjust pH of complete medium to 7.6. variants[1].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 1535: Adjust pH of complete medium to 7.6. variants[1].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 2030
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Adjust pH to 6.5 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas to 2 bar overpressure after inoculation.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 2030: Adjust pH to 6.5 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas to 2 bar overpressure after inoculation.
- Explanation
- variants[2].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 2030: Adjust pH to 6.5 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas to 2 bar overpressure after inoculation. variants[2].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 2030: Adjust pH to 6.5 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas to 2 bar overpressure after inoculation. variants[2].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 3267, DSM 11074, DSM 11075
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Adjust pH of complete medium to 8.0 - 8.3.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 3267, DSM 11074, DSM 11075: Adjust pH of complete medium to 8.0 - 8.3.
- Explanation
- variants[3].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 3267, DSM 11074, DSM 11075: Adjust pH of complete medium to 8.0 - 8.3. variants[3].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 3267, DSM 11074, DSM 11075: Adjust pH of complete medium to 8.0 - 8.3. variants[3].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 5522
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Supplement medium with 5.0 g/l D-glucose added after autoclaving from a sterile anoxic stock solution.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 5522: Supplement medium with 5.0 g/l D-glucose added after autoclaving from a © 2022 DSMZ - All rights reserved Page 1 of 3 119: METHANOBACTERIUM MEDIUM sterile anoxic stock solution.
- Explanation
- variants[4].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 5522: Supplement medium with 5.0 g/l D-glucose added after autoclaving from a © 2022 DSMZ - All rights reserved Page 1 of 3 119: METHANOBACTERIUM MEDIUM sterile anoxic stock solution. variants[4].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 5522: Supplement medium with 5.0 g/l D-glucose added after autoclaving from a © 2022 DSMZ - All rights reserved Page 1 of 3 119: METHANOBACTERIUM MEDIUM sterile anoxic stock solution. variants[4].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 6216
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Increase amount of Na-acetate to 3.00 g/l.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 6216: Increase amount of Na-acetate to 3.00 g/l.
- Explanation
- variants[5].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 6216: Increase amount of Na-acetate to 3.00 g/l. variants[5].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 6216: Increase amount of Na-acetate to 3.00 g/l. variants[5].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 7057
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Supplement medium with 2.00 g/l Na2SO4.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 7057: Supplement medium with 2.00 g/l Na2SO4.
- Explanation
- variants[6].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 7057: Supplement medium with 2.00 g/l Na2SO4. variants[6].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 7057: Supplement medium with 2.00 g/l Na2SO4. variants[6].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 7095, DSM 28100
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Supplement medium with 0.3 g DL-Dithiothreitol. Omit Na2S x 9 H2O.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 7095, DSM 28100: Supplement medium with 0.3 g DL-Dithiothreitol. Omit Na2S x 9 H2O.
- Explanation
- variants[7].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 7095, DSM 28100: Supplement medium with 0.3 g DL-Dithiothreitol. Omit Na2S x 9 H2O. variants[7].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 7095, DSM 28100: Supplement medium with 0.3 g DL-Dithiothreitol. Omit Na2S x 9 H2O. variants[7].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 9575
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 2 bar overpressure after inoculation.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 9575: Add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 2 bar overpressure after inoculation.
- Explanation
- variants[8].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 9575: Add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 2 bar overpressure after inoculation. variants[8].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 9575: Add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 2 bar overpressure after inoculation. variants[8].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 15163
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Supplement medium with 0.3 g DL-Dithiothreitol. Omit Na2S x 9 H2O. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.0.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 15163: Supplement medium with 0.3 g DL-Dithiothreitol. Omit Na2S x 9 H2O. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.0.
- Explanation
- variants[9].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 15163: Supplement medium with 0.3 g DL-Dithiothreitol. Omit Na2S x 9 H2O. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.0. variants[9].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 15163: Supplement medium with 0.3 g DL-Dithiothreitol. Omit Na2S x 9 H2O. Adjust pH of final medium to 6.0. variants[9].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 16632
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Replace sludge fluid with the same volume of clarified rumen fluid (see medium 1310) and supplement medium with 2.00 g/l Trypticase peptone and 10.00 ml/l of Wolin's vitamin solution (see medium 141).
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 16632: Replace sludge fluid with the same volume of clarified rumen fluid (see medium 1310) and supplement medium with 2.00 g/l Trypticase peptone and 10.00 ml/l of Wolin's vitamin solution (see medium 141).
- Explanation
- variants[10].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 16632: Replace sludge fluid with the same volume of clarified rumen fluid (see medium 1310) and supplement medium with 2.00 g/l Trypticase peptone and 10.00 ml/l of Wolin's vitamin solution (see medium 141). variants[10].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 16632: Replace sludge fluid with the same volume of clarified rumen fluid (see medium 1310) and supplement medium with 2.00 g/l Trypticase peptone and 10.00 ml/l of Wolin's vitamin solution (see medium 141). variants[10].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 25824
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Supplement medium after autoclaving with 0.10 g/l 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (coenzyme M) added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 25824: Supplement medium after autoclaving with 0.10 g/l 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (coenzyme M) added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation.
- Explanation
- variants[11].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 25824: Supplement medium after autoclaving with 0.10 g/l 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (coenzyme M) added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation. variants[11].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 25824: Supplement medium after autoclaving with 0.10 g/l 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (coenzyme M) added from an anoxic stock solution sterilized by filtration and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation. variants[11].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 25939
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Adjust pH of the complete medium to 7.2 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 25939: Adjust pH of the complete medium to 7.2 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation.
- Explanation
- variants[12].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 25939: Adjust pH of the complete medium to 7.2 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation. variants[12].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 25939: Adjust pH of the complete medium to 7.2 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation. variants[12].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 25945
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Adjust pH of the complete medium to 7.4 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 25945: Adjust pH of the complete medium to 7.4 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation.
- Explanation
- variants[13].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 25945: Adjust pH of the complete medium to 7.4 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation. variants[13].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 25945: Adjust pH of the complete medium to 7.4 and add sterile 80% H2 and 20% CO2 gas mixture to 1 bar overpressure after inoculation. variants[13].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 102889
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Adjust pH of complete medium to 8.5 - 9.0.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 102889: Adjust pH of complete medium to 8.5 - 9.0.
- Explanation
- variants[14].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 102889: Adjust pH of complete medium to 8.5 - 9.0. variants[14].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 102889: Adjust pH of complete medium to 8.5 - 9.0. variants[14].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
- Name
- For DSM 108286
- Relationship
- STRAIN_SPECIFIC_VARIANT
- Modifications
- Adjust pH of final medium to 6.0.
- Evidence
- Reference
- https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/medium/pdf/DSMZ_Medium119.pdf
- Supports
- SUPPORT
- Snippet
- For DSM 108286: Adjust pH of final medium to 6.0.
- Explanation
- variants[15].name: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 108286: Adjust pH of final medium to 6.0. variants[15].relationship: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a. Additional exact excerpt: For DSM 108286: Adjust pH of final medium to 6.0. variants[15].modifications: Explicit original strain instruction, separate from the base formulation. This does not assert measured growth or add a taxon association. No unstated density, final volume, percent basis or chemical identifier is inferred. Locator=original recipe table/text; accessed=2026-10-09T02:29:16.493797+00:00; capture SHA256=416f170d6c2424ded82767e6ae67497a313eafa144a00e140f01107a60fa8c4a.
Provenance
| Timestamp | Curator | Action | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-01-26T17:53:10.205063Z | mediadive-import | Imported from MediaDive | Source: DSMZ, ID: 119 |
| 2026-03-13T03:09:18.105211Z | data-quality-cleanup-v1.0 | Data quality fixes | Merged 1 duplicate ingredient(s) |
| 2026-03-13T06:18:57.012957Z | culturemech-id-assigner-v1.0 | Assigned CultureMech ID | Assigned stable identifier: CultureMech:000643 |
| 2026-03-17T06:30:26.000000Z | mediaingredientmech-enrichment-v1.0 | Added MediaIngredientMech links | Linked ingredients to MediaIngredientMech identifiers |
| 2026-03-17T19:45:08.167408+00:00 | normalize_media_names_to_snake_case.py | NAME_NORMALIZED | Normalized name from "METHANOBACTERIUM MEDIUM" to "methanobacterium_medium" for consistent matching |
| 2026-05-20T06:01:55.056271+00:00 | migrate_ph_range.py | MIGRATED_PH_RANGE | ph_range '6.8-7' -> {'min': 6.8, 'max': 7.0} |
| 2026-06-05T07:41:30.695344+00:00 | mim-legacy-to-chebi-migration-v1.0 | Refreshed legacy MediaIngredientMech links to CHEBI keying | Replaced 24 legacy mediaingredientmech_term link(s) with mediaingredientmech_chebi_term (id-safe: ingredient's own CHEBI + label). MIM deprecated the MediaIngredientMech:NNNNNN id scheme. |
| 2026-06-10T07:47:06.655326+00:00 | primary-term-label-canonicalization-v1.0 | Canonicalized primary term label to OBO canonical (OAK) | 5 primary term(s); ingredient name resolved by OAK sqlite:obo:chebi. |
| 2026-10-09T03:06:56.858381+00:00 | codex | RESTORED_MEDIUM_119_SOURCE_FORMULATIONS_AND_STOCK_SCOPES_WITH_EVIDENCE | Restore exact-source medium-119 ingredients, liquid inputs, stock strengths/doses and preparation scopes; preserve source-specific variants, quantity limits and disagreements, and repair reciprocal family references without inferring growth. |