pulcherriminic acid

CHEBI:71599 EXACT SEEDED

What these status tags mean

Curation status describes a workflow state. SEEDED means the record entered through the source-seeding workflow; it does not imply that no later curation occurred. PROPOSED marks an addition awaiting review; REVIEWED records curator sign-off on identity, structure, filing class and producer claims; DEPRECATED retains a superseded or out-of-scope record. These are workflow decisions, not independently verified human review. Agent-assisted contributions may appear in the record history.

Grounding describes the identifier mapping: EXACT uses an ontology identity asserted by the source; MINTED keeps a local identifier when no defensible ontology identity is available; REVIEW_NEEDED flags an exact structure whose ontology identity needs adjudication. The grounding note retains any unresolved alternatives. These tags do not establish the strength of producer or activity evidence.

A pyrazine N-oxide that is pyrazine-1,4-dioxide substituted at positions 2 and 5 by hydroxy groups and at positions 3 and 6 by isobutyl groups. Formed by oxidative aromatisation of cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl).

Structure

Standard InChIKey	WXWWNANFOZVVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES	CC(C)CC1=C(O)N(=O)=C(CC(C)C)C(O)=N1=O
Stereochemistry	fully defined
Cross-references	npatlas:NPA012181

Filing pathway

Unclassified — computed by NPClassifier npclassifier.gnps2.org@2026-09-07, which is why it is pinned rather than recomputed. The gene cluster's asserted class is other, from MIBiG.

Producer organisms 2

A claim that this taxon makes the compound. The basis says what the evidence addressed — a knockout and a database assertion are not the same claim.

Taxon	Basis	Cluster	Evidence
Metschnikowia aff. pulcherrima NCBITaxon:2163413	BGC_CORRELATED	mibig:BGC0002321	PMID:31081214
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 NCBITaxon:224308	SOURCE_ASSERTION	mibig:BGC0002103	DOI:10.1038/s41522-023-00418-z

Occurrences 2

Somebody found the compound in this organism and cited it. That is not a claim that the organism makes it, and nothing here promotes one to the other.

Taxon	Source	Reference
Metschnikowia pulcherrima NCBITaxon:27326	LOTUS	DOI:10.1139/V63-021
Caesalpinia pulcherrima NCBITaxon:53846	LOTUS	DOI:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97708-2

Biosynthetic gene clusters 2

Accession	Host	Locus evidence	Genome
mibig:BGC0002321	Metschnikowia aff. pulcherrima NCBITaxon:2163413	CLUSTER_CORRELATED	genbank:CP034458.1
mibig:BGC0002103	Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 NCBITaxon:224308	CLUSTER_DEMONSTRATED	genbank:NC_000964.3

A locus claim and a taxon claim are different questions. Heterologous expression settles the first and leaves the second where the isolation report left it.

Biosynthesis curated

Written by a curator with claim-level evidence on each step; not derived from a source. This is what the rest of the record exists to support.

Step	Enzyme	Reaction	Substrate → product	Evidence
1	YvmC cyclodileucine synthase UniProtKB:O34351	RHEA:46452	ungrounded → CHEBI:67269	DOI:10.1038/nchembio.175
2	CypX pulcherriminic acid synthase UniProtKB:O34926	RHEA:35555	CHEBI:67269 → CHEBI:71599	DOI:10.1021/bi100910y

Step 1: Bacillus subtilis 168 yvmC, annotated pchC in MIBiG's NC_000964.3 GenBank record, catalyzes cyclodileucine formation from two L-leucyl-tRNA(Leu) substrates. The full Rhea tRNA participant RHEA-COMP:9622 is not used as a substrate CURIE because RHEA-COMP is not yet a NaturalProductMech grounding prefix.

Step 2: Bacillus subtilis 168 CypX/CYP134A1 oxidizes cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl) toward pulcherriminic acid. RHEA:35555 uses pulcherriminate(2-) CHEBI:77663 as the product participant; CHEBI:71599 is the neutral acid recorded for the same BGC0002103 structure.

Mechanism & Biosynthesis Overview

Causal graph — biosynthesis 6 nodes, 6 edges

Bacillus subtilis 168 pchC/yvmC and cypX encode the two enzymes that convert leucyl-tRNA through cyclodileucine into pulcherriminic acid.

Subject	Predicate	Object	Notes	Evidence
BGC0002103 pulcherriminic acid biosynthetic gene cluster	encodes	YvmC cyclodileucine synthase	BGC0002103 contains the BSU35070 core CDS: pchC in the current GenBank annotation, yvmC in the UniProt entry.	https://mibig.secondarymetabolites.org/repository/BGC0002103.2/BGC0002103.gbk https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O34351 reference https://mibig.secondarymetabolites.org/repository/BGC0002103.2/BGC0002103.gbk evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-01 notes MIBiG BGC0002103.2 maps the Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 pulcherriminic acid cluster pchC/yvmC CDS to NP_391387.1 and UniProtKB:O34351, and its cypX CDS to NP_391386.1 and UniProtKB:O34926. reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O34351 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-01 notes Reviewed UniProtKB:O34351 is the 248 aa Bacillus subtilis 168 yvmC/BSU35070 cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl) synthase and annotates EC:2.3.2.22 plus RHEA:46452 from PMID:19430487.
BGC0002103 pulcherriminic acid biosynthetic gene cluster	encodes	CypX pulcherriminic acid synthase	BGC0002103 contains the BSU35060 cypX CDS.	https://mibig.secondarymetabolites.org/repository/BGC0002103.2/BGC0002103.gbk https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O34926 reference https://mibig.secondarymetabolites.org/repository/BGC0002103.2/BGC0002103.gbk evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-01 notes MIBiG BGC0002103.2 maps the Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 pulcherriminic acid cluster pchC/yvmC CDS to NP_391387.1 and UniProtKB:O34351, and its cypX CDS to NP_391386.1 and UniProtKB:O34926. reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O34926 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-01 notes Reviewed UniProtKB:O34926 is the 405 aa Bacillus subtilis 168 cypX/BSU35060 pulcherriminic acid synthase and annotates EC:1.14.15.13 plus RHEA:35555 from PMID:20690619.
L-leucyl-tRNA(Leu)	is cyclized by	YvmC cyclodileucine synthase	RHEA:46452 consumes two L-leucyl-tRNA(Leu) participants; the full tRNA participant is left ungrounded locally.	DOI:10.1038/nchembio.175 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O34351 https://www.rhea-db.org/rhea/46452 reference DOI:10.1038/nchembio.175 evidence type PRIMARY_EXPERIMENT snippet also use aminoacyl-tRNAs to synthesize various cyclodipeptides notes Gondry et al. characterized several AlbC homologs, including the CAB15512 Bacillus subtilis 168 protein represented by UniProtKB:O34351, as tRNA-dependent cyclodipeptide synthases. reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O34351 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-01 notes Reviewed UniProtKB:O34351 is the 248 aa Bacillus subtilis 168 yvmC/BSU35070 cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl) synthase and annotates EC:2.3.2.22 plus RHEA:46452 from PMID:19430487. reference https://www.rhea-db.org/rhea/46452 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-01 notes RHEA:46452 is the cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl) synthase reaction that converts two L-leucyl-tRNA(Leu) participants into cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl), two tRNA(Leu), and two protons.
YvmC cyclodileucine synthase	forms	cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl)	YvmC catalyzes cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl) formation as RHEA:46452.	DOI:10.1038/nchembio.175 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O34351 https://www.rhea-db.org/rhea/46452 reference DOI:10.1038/nchembio.175 evidence type PRIMARY_EXPERIMENT snippet also use aminoacyl-tRNAs to synthesize various cyclodipeptides notes Gondry et al. characterized several AlbC homologs, including the CAB15512 Bacillus subtilis 168 protein represented by UniProtKB:O34351, as tRNA-dependent cyclodipeptide synthases. reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O34351 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-01 notes Reviewed UniProtKB:O34351 is the 248 aa Bacillus subtilis 168 yvmC/BSU35070 cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl) synthase and annotates EC:2.3.2.22 plus RHEA:46452 from PMID:19430487. reference https://www.rhea-db.org/rhea/46452 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-01 notes RHEA:46452 is the cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl) synthase reaction that converts two L-leucyl-tRNA(Leu) participants into cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl), two tRNA(Leu), and two protons.
cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl)	is oxidized by	CypX pulcherriminic acid synthase	CypX/CYP134A1 is the cytochrome P450 that oxidizes cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl) in the pulcherriminic acid pathway.	DOI:10.1021/bi100910y https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O34926 https://www.rhea-db.org/rhea/35555 reference DOI:10.1021/bi100910y evidence type PRIMARY_EXPERIMENT snippet CYP134A1 is capable of catalyzing the in vitro oxidation of diketopiperazine substrates notes Cryle et al. structurally and biochemically characterized the Bacillus subtilis 168 CypX/CYP134A1 cyclo-L-leucyl-L-leucyl dipeptide oxidase. reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O34926 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-01 notes Reviewed UniProtKB:O34926 is the 405 aa Bacillus subtilis 168 cypX/BSU35060 pulcherriminic acid synthase and annotates EC:1.14.15.13 plus RHEA:35555 from PMID:20690619. reference https://www.rhea-db.org/rhea/35555 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-01 notes RHEA:35555 is the pulcherriminic acid synthase master reaction; left-to-right RHEA:35556 oxidizes cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl) to CHEBI:77663, the anion of this record's neutral CHEBI:71599.
CypX pulcherriminic acid synthase	produces	pulcherriminic acid	CypX produces pulcherriminate(2-) in RHEA:35555; this edge points to the neutral pulcherriminic acid form that grounds the MIBiG BGC0002103 record.	DOI:10.1089/ind.2006.2.66 DOI:10.1021/bi100910y https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O34926 https://www.rhea-db.org/rhea/35555 reference DOI:10.1089/ind.2006.2.66 evidence type PRIMARY_EXPERIMENT snippet Disruption of the yvmC or cypX genes yielded strains that did not produce red pigment notes Tang et al. selected yvmC and cypX as likely pulcherrimin genes, found them juxtaposed on the Bacillus subtilis chromosome, and showed that disruption of either gene abolished the red pulcherrimin phenotype. reference DOI:10.1021/bi100910y evidence type PRIMARY_EXPERIMENT snippet CYP134A1 is capable of catalyzing the in vitro oxidation of diketopiperazine substrates notes Cryle et al. structurally and biochemically characterized the Bacillus subtilis 168 CypX/CYP134A1 cyclo-L-leucyl-L-leucyl dipeptide oxidase. reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/O34926 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-01 notes Reviewed UniProtKB:O34926 is the 405 aa Bacillus subtilis 168 cypX/BSU35060 pulcherriminic acid synthase and annotates EC:1.14.15.13 plus RHEA:35555 from PMID:20690619. reference https://www.rhea-db.org/rhea/35555 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-01 notes RHEA:35555 is the pulcherriminic acid synthase master reaction; left-to-right RHEA:35556 oxidizes cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl) to CHEBI:77663, the anion of this record's neutral CHEBI:71599.

Every edge carries its own citation; an uncited edge is refused by the corpus tests.

Causal graph — biosynthesis 5 nodes, 4 edges

Database-qualified K. lactis PUL gene regulation and pulcherriminic-acid secretion. PUL4 regulates genes encoding the PUL1/PUL2/PUL3 reference proteins; PUL3 is annotated as required for acid secretion. Gene-expression predicates do not assert protein-protein interactions. All four nodes denote reference proteins, not verified historical assay stocks. No ordered yeast reaction, bacterial leucyl-tRNA/Rhea transfer, direct promoter binding, iron-complex uptake, antimicrobial effect or producer/BGC upgrade is asserted. The existing bacterial pathway is separate and unchanged.

Subject	Predicate	Object	Notes	Evidence
PUL4 (KLLA0_C19228g; K. lactis reference)	regulates expression of gene encoding	PUL1 (KLLA0_C19184g; K. lactis reference)	Database-reported regulation of the named PUL gene. The object is its reference protein, not a gene identifier or a physical interaction partner. No positive/negative direction, direct promoter binding, binding site, protein abundance measurement or specific transcriptional mechanism is asserted.	https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN1 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01909.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453058.1 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01907.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453056.1 reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN1 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes Reviewed PUL4 entry version 104, sequence version 1. FUNCTION assigns regulation of PUL1, PUL2 and PUL3 expression to ECO:0000269/PMID:30297402. This remains DATABASE_ASSERTION: DOI:10.1073/pnas.1806268115 was not independently inspected. Predicted nuclear localization/Zn2-C6 features and automated GO terms are not direct promoter-binding evidence. snippet Regulates the expression of the PUL cluster genes PUL1, PUL2 and PUL3 reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN1 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes Reviewed entry version 104, sequence version 1; 591 aa; PUL4, KLLA0_C19228g. K. lactis reference strain ATCC 8585 / CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / NRRL Y-1140 / WM37, taxon 284590. Reference identity, not experimental-stock equality. PUL1/PUL2 are included as products of regulated genes, not verified enzyme reactions. Their reaction annotations cite PMID:38140959, but the inspected 2024 methods use Metschnikowia APC1.2 constructs, not an independent K. lactis experiment. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01909.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes The complete 591-aa deposited sequence equals Q6CSN1 and XP_453058.1. Native CDS CR382123.1:1713787..1715562, locus KLLA0_C19228g, independently translates to this sequence with codon_start 1/default table 1. Deposits name NRRL Y-1140, chromosome C, BioSample SAMEA3138170 and species taxon 28985, distinguished from UniProt strain taxon 284590. The comparison grounds the reference only, not function, promoter, historical stock or expression construct. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453058.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes PROVISIONAL RefSeq mRNA, incomplete at both ends despite a complete precise CDS: XM_453058.1:1..1776. Its CDS is nucleotide-identical to CR382123.1:1713787..1715562 and independently translates to XP_453058.1/Q6CSN1 (591 aa). This is not full-transcript or whole-genome equality. reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN3 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes Reviewed entry version 63, sequence version 1; 480 aa; PUL1, KLLA0_C19184g. K. lactis reference strain ATCC 8585 / CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / NRRL Y-1140 / WM37, taxon 284590. Reference identity, not experimental-stock equality. PUL1/PUL2 are included as products of regulated genes, not verified enzyme reactions. Their reaction annotations cite PMID:38140959, but the inspected 2024 methods use Metschnikowia APC1.2 constructs, not an independent K. lactis experiment. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01907.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes The complete 480-aa deposited sequence equals Q6CSN3 and XP_453056.1. Native CDS CR382123.1:1709494..1710936, locus KLLA0_C19184g, independently translates to this sequence with codon_start 1/default table 1. Deposits name NRRL Y-1140, chromosome C, BioSample SAMEA3138170 and species taxon 28985, distinguished from UniProt strain taxon 284590. The comparison grounds the reference only, not function, promoter, historical stock or expression construct. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453056.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes PROVISIONAL RefSeq mRNA, incomplete at both ends despite a complete precise CDS: XM_453056.1:1..1443. Its CDS is nucleotide-identical to CR382123.1:1709494..1710936 and independently translates to XP_453056.1/Q6CSN3 (480 aa). This is not full-transcript or whole-genome equality.
PUL4 (KLLA0_C19228g; K. lactis reference)	regulates expression of gene encoding	PUL2 (KLLA0_C19206g; K. lactis reference)	Database-reported regulation of the named PUL gene. The object is its reference protein, not a gene identifier or a physical interaction partner. No positive/negative direction, direct promoter binding, binding site, protein abundance measurement or specific transcriptional mechanism is asserted.	https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN1 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01909.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453058.1 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01908.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453057.1 reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN1 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes Reviewed PUL4 entry version 104, sequence version 1. FUNCTION assigns regulation of PUL1, PUL2 and PUL3 expression to ECO:0000269/PMID:30297402. This remains DATABASE_ASSERTION: DOI:10.1073/pnas.1806268115 was not independently inspected. Predicted nuclear localization/Zn2-C6 features and automated GO terms are not direct promoter-binding evidence. reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN1 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes Reviewed entry version 104, sequence version 1; 591 aa; PUL4, KLLA0_C19228g. K. lactis reference strain ATCC 8585 / CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / NRRL Y-1140 / WM37, taxon 284590. Reference identity, not experimental-stock equality. PUL1/PUL2 are included as products of regulated genes, not verified enzyme reactions. Their reaction annotations cite PMID:38140959, but the inspected 2024 methods use Metschnikowia APC1.2 constructs, not an independent K. lactis experiment. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01909.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes The complete 591-aa deposited sequence equals Q6CSN1 and XP_453058.1. Native CDS CR382123.1:1713787..1715562, locus KLLA0_C19228g, independently translates to this sequence with codon_start 1/default table 1. Deposits name NRRL Y-1140, chromosome C, BioSample SAMEA3138170 and species taxon 28985, distinguished from UniProt strain taxon 284590. The comparison grounds the reference only, not function, promoter, historical stock or expression construct. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453058.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes PROVISIONAL RefSeq mRNA, incomplete at both ends despite a complete precise CDS: XM_453058.1:1..1776. Its CDS is nucleotide-identical to CR382123.1:1713787..1715562 and independently translates to XP_453058.1/Q6CSN1 (591 aa). This is not full-transcript or whole-genome equality. reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN2 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes Reviewed entry version 117, sequence version 1; 511 aa; PUL2, KLLA0_C19206g. K. lactis reference strain ATCC 8585 / CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / NRRL Y-1140 / WM37, taxon 284590. Reference identity, not experimental-stock equality. PUL1/PUL2 are included as products of regulated genes, not verified enzyme reactions. Their reaction annotations cite PMID:38140959, but the inspected 2024 methods use Metschnikowia APC1.2 constructs, not an independent K. lactis experiment. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01908.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes The complete 511-aa deposited sequence equals Q6CSN2 and XP_453057.1. Native CDS CR382123.1:1711813..1713348, locus KLLA0_C19206g, independently translates to this sequence with codon_start 1/default table 1. Deposits name NRRL Y-1140, chromosome C, BioSample SAMEA3138170 and species taxon 28985, distinguished from UniProt strain taxon 284590. The comparison grounds the reference only, not function, promoter, historical stock or expression construct. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453057.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes PROVISIONAL RefSeq mRNA, incomplete at both ends despite a complete precise CDS: XM_453057.1:1..1536. Its CDS is nucleotide-identical to CR382123.1:1711813..1713348 and independently translates to XP_453057.1/Q6CSN2 (511 aa). This is not full-transcript or whole-genome equality.
PUL4 (KLLA0_C19228g; K. lactis reference)	regulates expression of gene encoding	PUL3 (KLLA0_C19250g; K. lactis reference)	Database-reported regulation of the named PUL gene. The object is its reference protein, not a gene identifier or a physical interaction partner. No positive/negative direction, direct promoter binding, binding site, protein abundance measurement or specific transcriptional mechanism is asserted.	https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN1 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01909.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453058.1 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN0 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01910.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453059.1 reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN1 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes Reviewed PUL4 entry version 104, sequence version 1. FUNCTION assigns regulation of PUL1, PUL2 and PUL3 expression to ECO:0000269/PMID:30297402. This remains DATABASE_ASSERTION: DOI:10.1073/pnas.1806268115 was not independently inspected. Predicted nuclear localization/Zn2-C6 features and automated GO terms are not direct promoter-binding evidence. reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN1 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes Reviewed entry version 104, sequence version 1; 591 aa; PUL4, KLLA0_C19228g. K. lactis reference strain ATCC 8585 / CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / NRRL Y-1140 / WM37, taxon 284590. Reference identity, not experimental-stock equality. PUL1/PUL2 are included as products of regulated genes, not verified enzyme reactions. Their reaction annotations cite PMID:38140959, but the inspected 2024 methods use Metschnikowia APC1.2 constructs, not an independent K. lactis experiment. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01909.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes The complete 591-aa deposited sequence equals Q6CSN1 and XP_453058.1. Native CDS CR382123.1:1713787..1715562, locus KLLA0_C19228g, independently translates to this sequence with codon_start 1/default table 1. Deposits name NRRL Y-1140, chromosome C, BioSample SAMEA3138170 and species taxon 28985, distinguished from UniProt strain taxon 284590. The comparison grounds the reference only, not function, promoter, historical stock or expression construct. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453058.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes PROVISIONAL RefSeq mRNA, incomplete at both ends despite a complete precise CDS: XM_453058.1:1..1776. Its CDS is nucleotide-identical to CR382123.1:1713787..1715562 and independently translates to XP_453058.1/Q6CSN1 (591 aa). This is not full-transcript or whole-genome equality. reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN0 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes Reviewed entry version 91, sequence version 1; 460 aa; PUL3, KLLA0_C19250g. K. lactis reference strain ATCC 8585 / CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / NRRL Y-1140 / WM37, taxon 284590. Reference identity, not experimental-stock equality. PUL1/PUL2 are included as products of regulated genes, not verified enzyme reactions. Their reaction annotations cite PMID:38140959, but the inspected 2024 methods use Metschnikowia APC1.2 constructs, not an independent K. lactis experiment. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01910.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes The complete 460-aa deposited sequence equals Q6CSN0 and XP_453059.1. Native CDS CR382123.1:1716088..1717470, locus KLLA0_C19250g, independently translates to this sequence with codon_start 1/default table 1. Deposits name NRRL Y-1140, chromosome C, BioSample SAMEA3138170 and species taxon 28985, distinguished from UniProt strain taxon 284590. The comparison grounds the reference only, not function, promoter, historical stock or expression construct. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453059.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes PROVISIONAL RefSeq mRNA, incomplete at both ends despite a complete precise CDS: XM_453059.1:1..1383. Its CDS is nucleotide-identical to CR382123.1:1716088..1717470 and independently translates to XP_453059.1/Q6CSN0 (460 aa). This is not full-transcript or whole-genome equality.
PUL3 (KLLA0_C19250g; K. lactis reference)	is required for secretion of	pulcherriminic acid	Database requirement statement, not a purified-protein transport assay or a claim about substrate specificity, transport stoichiometry, protonation state or membrane topology. The acid name is represented by this neutral parent owner; the transported ionic species is not established. Separate iron-complex uptake is deliberately not transferred to the unresolved two-Fe pulcherrimin record.	https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN0 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN0 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01910.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453059.1 reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN0 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes Reviewed PUL3 entry version 91, sequence version 1. FUNCTION explicitly distinguishes pulcherriminic-acid secretion from iron uptake through the pulcherrimin-iron complex; only the former is adopted. Source annotations cite ECO:0000269/PMID:30297402 and PMID:40719541, not independently inspected primary results here. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1806268115 and DOI:10.1093/femsyr/foaf039 remain access-held. The disruption annotation reports continued pigment production with impaired growth; no secretion rate, loss-of-production phenotype or antimicrobial claim is inferred. snippet Required for both the secretion of pulcherriminic acid reference https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6CSN0 evidence type DATABASE_ASSERTION retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes Reviewed entry version 91, sequence version 1; 460 aa; PUL3, KLLA0_C19250g. K. lactis reference strain ATCC 8585 / CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / NRRL Y-1140 / WM37, taxon 284590. Reference identity, not experimental-stock equality. PUL1/PUL2 are included as products of regulated genes, not verified enzyme reactions. Their reaction annotations cite PMID:38140959, but the inspected 2024 methods use Metschnikowia APC1.2 constructs, not an independent K. lactis experiment. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAH01910.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes The complete 460-aa deposited sequence equals Q6CSN0 and XP_453059.1. Native CDS CR382123.1:1716088..1717470, locus KLLA0_C19250g, independently translates to this sequence with codon_start 1/default table 1. Deposits name NRRL Y-1140, chromosome C, BioSample SAMEA3138170 and species taxon 28985, distinguished from UniProt strain taxon 284590. The comparison grounds the reference only, not function, promoter, historical stock or expression construct. reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_453059.1 evidence type CURATOR_INFERENCE retrieved on 2026-10-09 notes PROVISIONAL RefSeq mRNA, incomplete at both ends despite a complete precise CDS: XM_453059.1:1..1383. Its CDS is nucleotide-identical to CR382123.1:1716088..1717470 and independently translates to XP_453059.1/Q6CSN0 (460 aa). This is not full-transcript or whole-genome equality.

Every edge carries its own citation; an uncited edge is refused by the corpus tests.

Explore across X-Mech

AntibioticMech (pulcherriminic acid) ↗ MediaIngredientMech (CHEBI:71599) ↗ TaxonMech: Metschnikowia aff. pulcherrima (NCBITaxon:2163413) ↗ TaxonMech: Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 (NCBITaxon:224308) ↗ PathwayMech (mibig:BGC0002321) ↗ PathwayMech (mibig:BGC0002103) ↗

Open questions 1

shared-structure — This structure is reported by more than one MIBiG entry: BGC0002103, BGC0002321. Confirm they describe the same compound rather than an upstream cross-reference error.

Provenance

Source concept	Source	Version
BGC0002321	MIBIG	3
BGC0002103	MIBIG	2
CHEBI:71599	CHEBI	3-star

This page is generated from data/natural_products/unclassified/pulcherriminic-acid.yaml, which is generated from the committed inventories. Neither is edited by hand.