chloramphenicol

CHEBI:17698 ·resolve ·ANTIBACTERIAL ·EXACT SEEDED

An organochlorine compound that is dichloro-substituted acetamide containing a nitrobenzene ring, an amide bond and two alcohol functions. — ChEBI

Machine-generated and unreviewed. Identity, structure and cross-references come straight from ChEBI's and CARD's own data; no curator has signed off on this record yet.

Classification

phenicol antibioticARO:3000387

Strictly broader compounds or drug classes this molecule belongs to.

CHEBI:23824 CHEBI:23824
CHEBI:35716 CHEBI:35716
CHEBI:36683 CHEBI:36683
CHEBI:37622 CHEBI:37622
ARO:3000387 ARO:3000387

Chemical structure

Computed structure properties
Molecular formula	C11H12Cl2N2O5
Charge	0
Average mass	323.132 Da
Monoisotopic mass	322.01233 Da
Source	ChEBI
InChIKey	WIIZWVCIJKGZOK-RKDXNWHRSA-N

SMILES

O=C(N[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)c1ccc([N+](=O)[O-])cc1)C(Cl)Cl

InChI

InChI=1S/C11H12Cl2N2O5/c12-10(13)11(18)14-8(5-16)9(17)6-1-3-7(4-2-6)15(19)20/h1-4,8-10,16-17H,5H2,(H,14,18)/t8-,9-/m1/s1

Also called

Amphicol (BRAND_NAME)— chebi
Chloramex (BRAND_NAME)— chebi
Chlorocid (BRAND_NAME)— chebi
Chlorocol (BRAND_NAME)— chebi
Chloromycetin (BRAND_NAME)— chebi
Econochlor (BRAND_NAME)— chebi
Fenicol (BRAND_NAME)— chebi
Globenicol (BRAND_NAME)— chebi
Halomycetin (BRAND_NAME)— chebi
Oleomycetin (BRAND_NAME)— chebi
Sificetina (BRAND_NAME)— chebi
chloramphenicolum (INN)— chebi
chloramphénicol (INN)— chebi
cloramfenicol (INN)— chebi
2,2-dichloro-N-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]acetamide (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
(−)-chloramphenicol (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
CHLORAMPHENICOL (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
Chloramphenicol (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
D-(−)-2,2-dichloro-N-(β-hydroxy-α-(hydroxymethyl)-p-nitrophenylethyl)acetamide (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
D-(−)-threo-1-p-nitrophenyl-2-dichloroacetylamino-1,3-propanediol (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
chlornitromycin (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
laevomycetinum (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
levomicetina (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
levomycetin (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
CHL (EXACT_SYNONYM)— aro

Cross-references

Equivalent identifiers for this same structure in other resources.

ARO:3000385
beilstein:2225532
cas:56-75-7
chemspider:5744
drugbank:DB00446
drugcentral:589
hmdb:HMDB0014589
kegg.compound:C00918
kegg.drug:D00104
lincs.smallmolecule:LSM-5256
metacyc.compound:CHLORAMPHENICOL
patent:GB795131
patent:GB796901
patent:US2483871
patent:US2483884
patent:US2483892
patent:US2839577
pdb-ccd:CLM
pesticides:chloramphenicol
vsdb:1835
wikipedia.en:Chloramphenicol
chembl:CHEMBL130
pubchem.compound:5959

Activity roles

Every antimicrobial role a source asserts for this compound — the unreduced evidence behind its antimicrobial_class.

CHEBI:33281 CHEBI:33281
CHEBI:36047 CHEBI:36047

Source concepts

Every upstream concept that resolved to this record. The merge is the product: this is what shows ChEBI and CARD are describing the same structure.

Upstream concepts merged into this record
Source	Native ID	Label	Minted CURIE	Version
ARO	`ARO:3000385`	chloramphenicol	`antibioticmech:aro-859fb8f49a`	2026-08-30
CHEBI	`CHEBI:17698`	chloramphenicol	`antibioticmech:chebi-9f801b8864`	2026-08-30

Molecular targets

The molecular entity or process this compound acts on. Each target carries evidence — this is a mechanistic claim, not a classification.

antibiotic sensitive peptidyl transferase (23S rRNA) NUCLEIC_ACID DIRECT_BINDING_TARGET

ARO:3000754

CARD/ARO database assertion; target organism, strain, and assay are not specified. 23S rRNA peptidyl-transferase center is asserted as the target. Evidence status: PRIMARY_EVIDENCE_NEEDED. Source: CARD_ARO 2026-08-30 (retrieved 2026-08-30).

ARO:3000754 (CARD/ARO asserts targeted_by_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

Mechanism summary

Mode of action: PROTEIN_SYNTHESIS_INHIBITION microbial target — CURATOR: Confirmed as bacterial 50S peptidyl-transferase-center inhibition after primary chloramphenicol mechanism review. PMID:12860128; PMID:35165455.
Clinical status: APPROVED

Resistance mechanisms

87 known routes by which microbes resist this compound, grounded in ARO where CARD models them. Grouped by mechanism type — expand a group to see its determinants.

ANTIBIOTIC_EFFLUX 39

ANTIBIOTIC_EFFLUX
Determinant	ARO ID	Organism	Gene families	Evidence
AcrAB-TolC	ARO:3000384	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000384 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
AdeIJK	ARO:3000772	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000772 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Enterobacter aerogenes acrR with mutation conferring multidrug antibiotic resistance	ARO:3003374	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003374 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Escherichia coli mdfA	ARO:3001328	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3001328 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MdsABC	ARO:3000786	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000786 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexAB-OprM	ARO:3000386	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000386 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexCD-OprJ	ARO:3000797	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000797 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexEF-OprN	ARO:3000798	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000798 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexEF-OprN with MexS mutations conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim	ARO:3004068	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004068 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexEF-OprN with MexT mutation conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim	ARO:3004066	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004066 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexEF-OprN with MvaT deletion conferring resistance to chloramphenicol and norfloxacin	ARO:3004070	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004070 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexMN-OprM	ARO:3003703	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003703 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexPQ-OpmE	ARO:3003697	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003697 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexVW-OprM	ARO:3003029	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003029 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexXY-OprM	ARO:3003032	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003032 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Rhodococcus fascians cmr	ARO:3002701	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002701 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Salmonella enterica cmlA	ARO:3002691	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002691 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
SmeDEF	ARO:3003054	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003054 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Staphylococcus aureus LmrS	ARO:3004572	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004572 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Streptomyces lividans cmlR	ARO:3002690	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002690 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
bmr	ARO:3003007	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003007 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cmlA1	ARO:3002693	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002693 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cmlA4	ARO:3002694	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002694 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cmlA5	ARO:3002695	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002695 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cmlA6	ARO:3002696	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002696 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cmlA8	ARO:3004665	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004665 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cmlA9	ARO:3005043	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3005043 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cmlB	ARO:3002698	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002698 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cmlB1	ARO:3002699	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002699 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cmrA	ARO:3002702	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002702 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cmx	ARO:3002703	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002703 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
emrD	ARO:3000309	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000309 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
fexA	ARO:3002704	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002704 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
flo	ARO:3003963	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003963 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
floR	ARO:3002705	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002705 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
mdtM	ARO:3001214	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3001214 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
pexA	ARO:3004666	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004666 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
pp-flo	ARO:3002812	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002812 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
ykkCD	ARO:3003062	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003062 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

ANTIBIOTIC_INACTIVATION 34

ANTIBIOTIC_INACTIVATION
Determinant	ARO ID	Organism	Gene families	Evidence
Agrobacterium fabrum chloramphenicol acetyltransferase	ARO:3004451	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004451 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Alkalihalobacillus clausii chloramphenicol acetyltransferase	ARO:3004452	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004452 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Bacillus pumilus cat86	ARO:3002672	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002672 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Campylobacter coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase	ARO:3004454	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004454 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
CatU	ARO:3003983	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003983 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Clostridium butyricum catB	ARO:3002674	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002674 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Enterococcus faecalis chloramphenicol acetyltransferase	ARO:3004458	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004458 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Enterococcus faecium chloramphenicol acetyltransferase	ARO:3004456	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004456 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Limosilactobacillus reuteri cat-TC	ARO:3002671	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002671 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Plasmid-encoded cat (pp-cat)	ARO:3002689	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002689 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa catB6	ARO:3002678	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002678 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa catB7	ARO:3002679	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002679 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Staphylococcus intermedius chloramphenicol acetyltransferase	ARO:3004457	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004457 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Streptococcus suis chloramphenicol acetyltransferase	ARO:3004455	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004455 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Vibrio anguillarum chloramphenicol acetyltransferase	ARO:3004460	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004460 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cat	ARO:3002670	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002670 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catA1	ARO:3002683	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002683 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catA4	ARO:3004657	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004657 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catA8	ARO:3004658	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004658 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catB10	ARO:3003110	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003110 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catB11	ARO:3004660	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004660 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catB2	ARO:3002675	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002675 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catB3	ARO:3002676	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002676 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catB8	ARO:3002680	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002680 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catB9	ARO:3002681	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002681 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catD	ARO:3002682	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002682 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catII	ARO:3002684	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002684 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catII from Escherichia coli K-12	ARO:3004656	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004656 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catIII	ARO:3002685	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002685 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catP	ARO:3002686	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002686 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catQ	ARO:3002687	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002687 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catS	ARO:3002688	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002688 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
catV	ARO:3004357	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004357 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cmlv	ARO:3002700	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002700 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

ANTIBIOTIC_TARGET_ALTERATION 11

ANTIBIOTIC_TARGET_ALTERATION
Determinant	ARO ID	Organism	Gene families	Evidence
Escherichia coli 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to chloramphenicol	ARO:3004150	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004150 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Escherichia coli soxR with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance	ARO:3003381	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003381 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Escherichia coli soxS with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance	ARO:3003511	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003511 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Halobacterium halobium 23S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to chloramphenicol	ARO:3004180	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004180 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cfr(B)	ARO:3004649	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004649 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cfrA	ARO:3003441	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003441 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cfrC	ARO:3004146	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004146 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
cipA	ARO:3003907	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003907 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
clbA	ARO:3002814	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002814 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
clbB	ARO:3002815	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002815 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
clbC	ARO:3002816	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002816 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

ANTIBIOTIC_TARGET_PROTECTION 2

ANTIBIOTIC_TARGET_PROTECTION
Determinant	ARO ID	Organism	Gene families	Evidence
optrA	ARO:3003746	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003746 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
poxtA	ARO:3004470	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004470 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

REDUCED_PERMEABILITY 1

REDUCED_PERMEABILITY
Determinant	ARO ID	Organism	Gene families	Evidence
Serratia marcescens Omp1	ARO:3004128	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004128 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3000385 (chloramphenicol); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

Causal graphs

Evidence-backed mechanism graphs: how the compound reaches its target, what the target does, and how the effect propagates to growth inhibition or death.

Chloramphenicol blocks the 50S peptidyl-transferase center MECHANISTIC

Chloramphenicol binds the 23S rRNA peptidyl-transferase center of the bacterial large ribosomal subunit and blocks peptide-bond formation by the translation elongation complex.

Nodes — chloramphenicol_50s_peptidyl_transferase_inhibition
Node	Label	Type	Grounding
`chloramphenicol`	chloramphenicol	COMPOUND	`CHEBI:17698`
`peptidyl_transferase_center_23s_rrna`	23S rRNA peptidyl-transferase center	RNA	`ARO:3000754`
`chloramphenicol_bound_ptc`	chloramphenicol-bound peptidyl-transferase center	STATE	REVIEWED_LABEL_ONLY
`peptide_bond_formation`	ribosomal peptide-bond formation	BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS	REVIEWED_LABEL_ONLY
`protein_synthesis`	bacterial protein synthesis	BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS	REVIEWED_LABEL_ONLY

Edges — chloramphenicol_50s_peptidyl_transferase_inhibition
Subject	Predicate	Object	Evidence
`chloramphenicol`	binds	`chloramphenicol_bound_ptc`	PMID:12860128 (Hansen and colleagues solved a chloramphenicol-bound large ribosomal subunit structure with the drug in a peptidyl-transferase-center crevice.)
`peptidyl_transferase_center_23s_rrna`	participates in	`chloramphenicol_bound_ptc`	PMID:12860128 (The comparative large-subunit structures localized chloramphenicol to a ribosomal RNA site adjacent to the catalytic center.) PMID:35165455 (Syroegin and colleagues resolved bacterial 70S complexes that place chloramphenicol in the catalytic peptidyl-transferase center.)
`chloramphenicol_bound_ptc`	decreases	`peptide_bond_formation`	PMID:35165455 (Nascent-chain ribosome structures explained the context-specific blockade of peptide-bond formation by peptidyl-transferase-center chloramphenicol.)
`peptide_bond_formation`	supports	`protein_synthesis`	PMID:12860128 (The antibiotic-bound ribosome study interpreted chloramphenicol action as competitive inhibition of peptide-bond formation in the large subunit.)

Curation history

SEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-30 · seed_from_sources
Seeded from data/raw/ inventories (ARO, CHEBI)
RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-30 · seed_from_sources
Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories
RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-30 · seed_from_sources
Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories
RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources
Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories
RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources
Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories
RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources
Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories
CURATED_CAUSAL_GRAPH 2026-09-04 · codex · LLM-assisted
Added a PMID-supported causal graph for chloramphenicol binding to the bacterial 50S peptidyl-transferase center.

Provenance

Seeded by scripts/seed_from_sources.py from the committed inventories in data/raw/. View the record.