ciprofloxacin

CHEBI:100241 ·resolve ·ANTIBACTERIAL ·EXACT SEEDED

A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively. — ChEBI

Machine-generated and unreviewed. Identity, structure and cross-references come straight from ChEBI's and CARD's own data; no curator has signed off on this record yet.

Classification

fluoroquinolone antibioticARO:0000001

Strictly broader compounds or drug classes this molecule belongs to.

CHEBI:23765 CHEBI:23765
CHEBI:26512 CHEBI:26512
CHEBI:36709 CHEBI:36709
CHEBI:46848 CHEBI:46848
CHEBI:51454 CHEBI:51454
CHEBI:86324 CHEBI:86324
CHEBI:87211 CHEBI:87211
ARO:0000001 ARO:0000001

Chemical structure

Computed structure properties
Molecular formula	C17H18FN3O3
Charge	0
Average mass	331.347 Da
Monoisotopic mass	331.13322 Da
Source	ChEBI
InChIKey	MYSWGUAQZAJSOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES

O=C(O)c1cn(C2CC2)c2cc(N3CCNCC3)c(F)cc2c1=O

InChI

InChI=1S/C17H18FN3O3/c18-13-7-11-14(8-15(13)20-5-3-19-4-6-20)21(10-1-2-10)9-12(16(11)22)17(23)24/h7-10,19H,1-6H2,(H,23,24)

Also called

ciprofloxacine (INN)— chebi
ciprofloxacino (INN)— chebi
ciprofloxacinum (INN)— chebi
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
1-CYCLOPROPYL-6-FLUORO-4-OXO-7-PIPERAZIN-1-YL-1,4-DIHYDROQUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-yl-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-hexahydro-1-pyrazinyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
Ciprofloxacin (EXACT_SYNONYM)— chebi
CIP (EXACT_SYNONYM)— aro
Cipro (EXACT_SYNONYM)— aro
Ciprobay (EXACT_SYNONYM)— aro
Ciproxan (EXACT_SYNONYM)— aro

Cross-references

Equivalent identifiers for this same structure in other resources.

ARO:0000036
cas:85721-33-1
drugbank:DB00537
drugcentral:659
hmdb:HMDB0014677
kegg.compound:C05349
kegg.drug:D00186
lincs.smallmolecule:LSM-5226
patent:DE3142854
patent:US4670444
pdb-ccd:CPF
reaxys:3568352
vsdb:1763
wikipedia.en:Ciprofloxacin
chembl:CHEMBL8
pubchem.compound:2764

Activity roles

Every antimicrobial role a source asserts for this compound — the unreduced evidence behind its antimicrobial_class.

CHEBI:33281 CHEBI:33281
CHEBI:36047 CHEBI:36047

Source concepts

Every upstream concept that resolved to this record. The merge is the product: this is what shows ChEBI and CARD are describing the same structure.

Upstream concepts merged into this record
Source	Native ID	Label	Minted CURIE	Version
ARO	`ARO:0000036`	ciprofloxacin	`antibioticmech:aro-29d35653c5`	2026-08-30
CHEBI	`CHEBI:100241`	ciprofloxacin	`antibioticmech:chebi-8eedbf19c6`	2026-08-30

Molecular targets

The molecular entity or process this compound acts on. Each target carries evidence — this is a mechanistic claim, not a classification.

fluoroquinolone sensitive gyrA PROTEIN DIRECT_BINDING_TARGET

ARO:3000733

CARD/ARO database assertion; target organism, strain, and assay are not specified. ARO explicitly describes ligand binding to gyrase subunit A. Evidence status: PRIMARY_EVIDENCE_NEEDED. Source: CARD_ARO 2026-08-30 (retrieved 2026-08-30).

ARO:3000733 (CARD/ARO asserts targeted_by_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

Fluoroquinolone sensitive parC PROTEIN DIRECT_BINDING_TARGET

ARO:3000735

CARD/ARO database assertion; target organism, strain, and assay are not specified. ParC is asserted as the fluoroquinolone-sensitive subunit. Evidence status: PRIMARY_EVIDENCE_NEEDED. Source: CARD_ARO 2026-08-30 (retrieved 2026-08-30).

ARO:3000735 (CARD/ARO asserts targeted_by_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

fluoroquinolone sensitive gyrB PROTEIN DIRECT_BINDING_TARGET

ARO:3003261

CARD/ARO database assertion; target organism, strain, and assay are not specified. GyrB is asserted as the fluoroquinolone-sensitive subunit. Evidence status: PRIMARY_EVIDENCE_NEEDED. Source: CARD_ARO 2026-08-30 (retrieved 2026-08-30).

ARO:3003261 (CARD/ARO asserts targeted_by_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A [V210L]/B PROTEIN_COMPLEX MEASURED_TARGET_ASSOCIATION

BindingDB quantitative measurement in the named target organism; source assay descriptions and identifiers are retained per measurement. Evidence status: PRIMARY_EVIDENCE. Source: BINDINGDB 2026-09 (retrieved 2026-08-31).

Bacillus subtilis NCBITaxon:1423

Quantitative measurements
Type	Reported value	Assay	BindingDB IDs	Reference
IC50	1700 nM	DNA Topoisomerase IV Assay The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) is defined as the concentration of compound that inhibits the decatenation of kinetoplast DNA by 50%.	`RSID 39229` `assay 2532_2` `monomer 21690`	`PMID:17074800`

Organism-specific examples
Protein	Gene	Organism	Entry
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A `UniProtKB:Q45066`	—	Bacillus subtilis	REVIEWED
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit B `UniProtKB:Q59192`	—	Bacillus subtilis	REVIEWED

PMID:17074800 (BindingDB literature-curated quantitative target measurement; source value, assay text, reaction-set ID, and target organism retained.)

Mechanism summary

Mode of action: NUCLEIC_ACID_SYNTHESIS_INHIBITION microbial target — Assigned from ChEBI role CHEBI:50750 (EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor), CHEBI:53559 (topoisomerase IV inhibitor), CHEBI:59517 (DNA synthesis inhibitor). ChEBI asserts the role on the compound. The role names a target specific to the microbe or virus — see mode_of_action_target_scope. Not a curator's mechanistic review.
Clinical status: APPROVED

Resistance mechanisms

188 known routes by which microbes resist this compound, grounded in ARO where CARD models them. Grouped by mechanism type — expand a group to see its determinants.

ANTIBIOTIC_TARGET_PROTECTION 104

ANTIBIOTIC_TARGET_PROTECTION
Determinant	ARO ID	Organism	Gene families	Evidence
QnrA1	ARO:3002707	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002707 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrA2	ARO:3002708	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002708 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrA3	ARO:3002709	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002709 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrA4	ARO:3002710	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002710 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrA5	ARO:3002711	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002711 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrA6	ARO:3002712	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002712 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrA7	ARO:3002713	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002713 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB1	ARO:3002714	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002714 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB10	ARO:3002724	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002724 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB11	ARO:3002725	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002725 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB12	ARO:3002726	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002726 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB13	ARO:3002727	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002727 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB14	ARO:3002728	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002728 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB15	ARO:3002730	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002730 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB16	ARO:3002731	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002731 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB17	ARO:3002732	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002732 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB18	ARO:3002733	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002733 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB19	ARO:3002734	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002734 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB2	ARO:3002715	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002715 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB20	ARO:3002735	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002735 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB21	ARO:3002736	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002736 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB22	ARO:3002737	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002737 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB23	ARO:3002738	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002738 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB24	ARO:3002739	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002739 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB25	ARO:3002740	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002740 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB26	ARO:3002741	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002741 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB27	ARO:3002742	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002742 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB28	ARO:3002743	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002743 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB29	ARO:3002744	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002744 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB3	ARO:3002716	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002716 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB30	ARO:3002745	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002745 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB31	ARO:3002746	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002746 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB32	ARO:3002747	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002747 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB33	ARO:3002748	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002748 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB34	ARO:3002749	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002749 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB35	ARO:3002750	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002750 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB36	ARO:3002751	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002751 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB37	ARO:3002752	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002752 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB38	ARO:3002753	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002753 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB4	ARO:3002718	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002718 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB40	ARO:3002755	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002755 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB41	ARO:3002756	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002756 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB42	ARO:3002757	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002757 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB43	ARO:3002758	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002758 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB44	ARO:3002759	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002759 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB45	ARO:3002760	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002760 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB46	ARO:3002761	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002761 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB47	ARO:3002762	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002762 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB48	ARO:3002763	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002763 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB49	ARO:3002764	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002764 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB5	ARO:3002719	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002719 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB50	ARO:3002765	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002765 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB54	ARO:3002767	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002767 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB55	ARO:3002768	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002768 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB56	ARO:3002769	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002769 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB57	ARO:3002770	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002770 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB58	ARO:3002771	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002771 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB59	ARO:3002772	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002772 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB6	ARO:3002720	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002720 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB60	ARO:3002773	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002773 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB61	ARO:3002774	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002774 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB62	ARO:3002775	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002775 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB64	ARO:3002776	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002776 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB65	ARO:3002777	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002777 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB66	ARO:3002778	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002778 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB67	ARO:3002779	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002779 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB68	ARO:3002780	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002780 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB69	ARO:3002781	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002781 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB7	ARO:3002721	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002721 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB70	ARO:3002782	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002782 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB71	ARO:3002783	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002783 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB72	ARO:3002784	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002784 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB73	ARO:3002785	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002785 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB74	ARO:3002786	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002786 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB8	ARO:3002722	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002722 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrB9	ARO:3002723	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002723 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrC	ARO:3002787	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002787 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrD1	ARO:3002788	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002788 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrD2	ARO:3002789	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002789 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS1	ARO:3002790	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002790 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS10	ARO:3004622	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004622 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS11	ARO:3004624	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004624 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS12	ARO:3004625	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004625 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS15	ARO:3004627	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004627 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS2	ARO:3002791	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002791 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS3	ARO:3002792	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002792 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS4	ARO:3002793	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002793 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS5	ARO:3002794	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002794 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS6	ARO:3002795	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002795 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS7	ARO:3002796	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002796 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS8	ARO:3002797	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002797 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrS9	ARO:3002798	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002798 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrVC1	ARO:3002799	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002799 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrVC2	ARO:3005007	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3005007 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrVC3	ARO:3002800	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002800 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrVC4	ARO:3002801	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002801 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrVC5	ARO:3002802	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002802 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrVC6	ARO:3002803	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002803 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QnrVC7	ARO:3003193	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003193 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
mfd	ARO:3003844	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003844 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
mfpA	ARO:3003035	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003035 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
qnrE1	ARO:3004636	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004636 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
qnrE2	ARO:3004637	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004637 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
quinolone resistance protein (qnr)	ARO:3000419	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000419 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

ANTIBIOTIC_TARGET_ALTERATION 41

ANTIBIOTIC_TARGET_ALTERATION
Determinant	ARO ID	Organism	Gene families	Evidence
Acinetobacter baumannii gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003817	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003817 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Acinetobacter baumannii parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003818	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003818 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Bartonella bacilliformis gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003297	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003297 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Burkholderia dolosa gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3004860	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004860 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Campylobacter jejuni gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003789	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003789 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Capnocytophaga gingivalis gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003931	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003931 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Clostridioides difficile gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003995	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003995 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Clostridioides difficile gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3004562	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004562 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Cutibacterium acnes gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003974	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003974 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Escherichia coli gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003294	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003294 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Escherichia coli parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003308	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003308 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Escherichia coli parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003316	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003316 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Escherichia coli soxR with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance	ARO:3003381	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003381 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Escherichia coli soxS with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance	ARO:3003511	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003511 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Haemophilus parainfluenzae gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003924	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003924 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Haemophilus parainfluenzae parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003925	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003925 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Morganella morganii gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003306	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003306 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Mycobacterium avium gyrA with mutation conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone	ARO:3007473	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3007473 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Mycobacterium leprae gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003298	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003298 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Mycobacterium leprae gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003304	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003304 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003295	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003295 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Mycoplasma hominis parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003310	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003310 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae gyrA with mutations conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003928	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003928 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003929	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003929 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003684	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003684 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003702	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003702 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003685	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003685 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Salmonella enterica gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003926	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003926 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Salmonella enterica parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003939	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003939 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Salmonella enterica soxR with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance	ARO:3003382	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003382 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Salmonella isangi gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3007751	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3007751 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Salmonella isangi gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3007752	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3007752 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Salmonella serovars gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003307	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003307 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Salmonella serovars parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003317	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003317 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Salmonella serovars soxS with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance	ARO:3003383	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003383 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Staphylococcus aureus gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003296	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003296 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Staphylococcus aureus parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003312	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003312 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Staphylococcus aureus parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003315	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003315 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Streptococcus pneumoniae parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003311	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003311 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Ureaplasma urealyticum gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003305	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003305 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Ureaplasma urealyticum parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones	ARO:3003309	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003309 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

ANTIBIOTIC_EFFLUX 30

ANTIBIOTIC_EFFLUX
Determinant	ARO ID	Organism	Gene families	Evidence
AcrEF-TolC confers resistance to ciprofloxacin	ARO:3004083	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004083 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
EfrAB	ARO:3003947	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003947 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Enterobacter aerogenes acrR with mutation conferring multidrug antibiotic resistance	ARO:3003374	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003374 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Escherichia coli AcrR with mutation associated with multidrug resistance	ARO:3003807	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003807 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Escherichia coli MarR with mutation associated with multidrug resistance	ARO:3003378	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003378 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Klebsiella pneumoniae KpnGH-TolC	ARO:3004598	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004598 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Klebsiella pneumoniae acrA	ARO:3004041	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004041 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MdtK	ARO:3001327	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3001327 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexAB-OprM	ARO:3000386	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000386 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexEF-OprN with MexS mutations conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim	ARO:3004068	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004068 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexEF-OprN with MexT mutation conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim	ARO:3004066	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004066 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexXY-OprA	ARO:3003038	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003038 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
MexXY-OprM	ARO:3003032	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003032 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
PatA-PatB	ARO:3000769	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000769 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QepA1	ARO:3000448	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000448 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QepA2	ARO:3004103	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004103 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QepA3	ARO:3004378	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004378 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
QepA4	ARO:3004379	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004379 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Salmonella enterica ramR mutants	ARO:3003379	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003379 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Shigella flexneri acrA	ARO:3007509	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3007509 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Staphylococcus aureus norA	ARO:3004667	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004667 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
abeM	ARO:3000753	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000753 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
hp1181	ARO:3003964	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003964 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
hp1184	ARO:3003965	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003965 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
lfrA	ARO:3003967	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003967 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
mdeA	ARO:3007011	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3007011 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
norA	ARO:3000391	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000391 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
norB	ARO:3000421	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000421 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
oqxAB	ARO:3003921	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003921 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
pmrA	ARO:3000822	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3000822 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

ANTIBIOTIC_INACTIVATION 11

ANTIBIOTIC_INACTIVATION
Determinant	ARO ID	Organism	Gene families	Evidence
AAC(6')-Ib-cr1	ARO:3002547	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3002547 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
AAC(6')-Ib-cr3	ARO:3005112	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3005112 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
AAC(6')-Ib-cr4	ARO:3005114	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3005114 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
AAC(6')-Ib-cr5	ARO:3005115	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3005115 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
AAC(6')-Ib-cr6	ARO:3005116	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3005116 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
AAC(6')-Ib-cr7	ARO:3005117	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3005117 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
AAC(6')-Ib-cr8	ARO:3005118	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3005118 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
AAC(6')-Ib-cr9	ARO:3005119	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3005119 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
aac(6')-Ib-cr10	ARO:3007770	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3007770 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
aac(6')-Ib-cr11	ARO:3007771	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3007771 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
fosA5	ARO:3003209	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3003209 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

REDUCED_PERMEABILITY 2

REDUCED_PERMEABILITY
Determinant	ARO ID	Organism	Gene families	Evidence
Escherichia coli LamB	ARO:3004126	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004126 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Serratia marcescens Omp1	ARO:3004128	not organism-specific	—	ARO:3004128 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:0000036 (ciprofloxacin); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

Causal graphs

Evidence-backed mechanism graphs: how the compound reaches its target, what the target does, and how the effect propagates to growth inhibition or death.

Ciprofloxacin poisons bacterial type II topoisomerases MECHANISTIC

Ciprofloxacin traps bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV on cleaved DNA, preventing resealing of the enzyme-linked DNA break and disrupting replication-linked DNA topology control.

Nodes — ciprofloxacin_topoisomerase_poisoning
Node	Label	Type	Grounding
`ciprofloxacin`	ciprofloxacin	COMPOUND	`CHEBI:100241`
`dna_gyrase`	bacterial DNA gyrase	GENE_OR_PROTEIN	`ARO:3000733`
`topoisomerase_iv`	bacterial topoisomerase IV	GENE_OR_PROTEIN	`ARO:3000735`
`gyrase_dna_cleavage_complex`	DNA gyrase covalent DNA cleavage complex	STATE	REVIEWED_LABEL_ONLY
`topoiv_dna_cleavage_complex`	topoisomerase IV covalent DNA cleavage complex	STATE	REVIEWED_LABEL_ONLY
`dna_religation`	type II topoisomerase DNA religation	MOLECULAR_FUNCTION	REVIEWED_LABEL_ONLY
`dna_topology_control`	replication-associated DNA topology control	BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS	REVIEWED_LABEL_ONLY

Edges — ciprofloxacin_topoisomerase_poisoning
Subject	Predicate	Object	Evidence
`ciprofloxacin`	stabilizes	`gyrase_dna_cleavage_complex`	PMID:24497635 (Mustaev and colleagues assayed ciprofloxacin-stabilized DNA cleavage by wild-type gyrase and topoisomerase IV.)
`dna_gyrase`	participates in	`gyrase_dna_cleavage_complex`	PMID:9207016 (Cove and colleagues showed purified DNA gyrase cleaves short DNA substrates in the presence of ciprofloxacin or oxolinic acid.)
`ciprofloxacin`	stabilizes	`topoiv_dna_cleavage_complex`	PMID:8891138 (Pan and colleagues implicated both topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase as ciprofloxacin targets in Streptococcus pneumoniae genetics experiments.)
`topoisomerase_iv`	participates in	`topoiv_dna_cleavage_complex`	PMID:24497635 (The same in vitro cleavage study included topoisomerase IV alongside gyrase in ciprofloxacin DNA-cleavage assays.)
`gyrase_dna_cleavage_complex`	inhibits	`dna_religation`	PMID:24497635 (Fluoroquinolone-gyrase-DNA complexes are experimentally linked to cleaved DNA accumulation after ciprofloxacin exposure.)
`topoiv_dna_cleavage_complex`	inhibits	`dna_religation`	PMID:24497635 (Topoisomerase IV was tested in parallel with gyrase in ciprofloxacin DNA-cleavage assays.)
`dna_religation`	supports	`dna_topology_control`	PMID:8891138 (Ciprofloxacin target genetics in S. pneumoniae support both gyrase and topoisomerase IV as replication-linked topoisomerase targets.)

Curation history

SEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-30 · seed_from_sources
Seeded from data/raw/ inventories (ARO, CHEBI)
RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-30 · seed_from_sources
Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories
RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-30 · seed_from_sources
Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories
RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources
Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories
RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources
Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories
RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources
Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories
RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources
Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories
CURATED_CAUSAL_GRAPH 2026-09-04 · codex · LLM-assisted
Added a PMID-supported causal graph for ciprofloxacin poisoning of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

Provenance

Seeded by scripts/seed_from_sources.py from the committed inventories in data/raw/. View the record.