AntibioticMech

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fluconazole

CHEBI:46081 ·resolve ·ANTIFUNGAL ·EXACT SEEDED

A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis. — ChEBI

Machine-generated and unreviewed. Identity, structure and cross-references come straight from ChEBI's and CARD's own data; no curator has signed off on this record yet.

Classification

triazole antifungalARO:3007499

Strictly broader compounds or drug classes this molecule belongs to.

Chemical structure

Computed structure properties
Molecular formulaC13H12F2N6O
Charge0
Average mass306.276 Da
Monoisotopic mass306.10407 Da
SourceChEBI
InChIKeyRFHAOTPXVQNOHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES

OC(Cn1cncn1)(Cn1cncn1)c1ccc(F)cc1F

InChI

InChI=1S/C13H12F2N6O/c14-10-1-2-11(12(15)3-10)13(22,4-20-8-16-6-18-20)5-21-9-17-7-19-21/h1-3,6-9,22H,4-5H2

Also called

Cross-references

Identifiers for this same structure in other resources. An accession that lands on two different structures in this corpus is withheld from both rather than shown here, since it names at most one of them.

Drug registries

Identifiers that name a drug rather than a structure. One of these can cover a parent compound, its salts and its stereoisomers, which this corpus keeps as separate records, so it is not an equivalence of structure.

Patents and articles

Documents about this compound. A patent covers a class and an article covers a topic; neither identifies a structure.

Activity roles

Every antimicrobial role a source asserts for this compound — the unreduced evidence behind its antimicrobial_class.

Source concepts

Every upstream concept that resolved to this record. The merge is the product: this is what shows ChEBI and CARD are describing the same structure.

Upstream concepts merged into this record
SourceNative IDLabelMinted CURIEVersion
ARO ARO:3007508 fluconazole antibioticmech:aro-77ffa56cc7 2026-08-30
CHEBI CHEBI:46081 fluconazole antibioticmech:chebi-83d44cb0ba 2026-08-30

Related pathway records

Evidence-qualified relationships to a pinned corpus revision.

PathwayMech: gomodel:YeastPathways_PWY-6074-1RELATED_PATHWAY_ACTIVITY
PMID:10991846 studies Candida ERG responses to fluconazole and identifies Erg11/lanosterol demethylase as its target. The linked S. cerevisiae zymosterol pathway contains Erg11. Cross-organism enzyme/pathway context, not identity of the Candida and S288C experiments.
Source revision: aa305727458c44ab05614901334540e2c87a9f3a

Mechanism summary

Mode of action
ERGOSTEROL_PATHWAY_INHIBITION host shared target — Assigned from ChEBI role CHEBI:75282 (ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor). ChEBI asserts the role on the compound. The target it names is one the host has too, so the mechanism is true but is not evidence of selectivity — see mode_of_action_target_scope. Not a curator's mechanistic review.
Clinical status
APPROVED

Activity spectrum

Measured or curated activity against specific taxa. A number without a method is not an observation — every row here carries an assay.

2 observations · Browse all observations · Complete record (JSON.gz)

Activity observations
OrganismActivityMICDisk diffusionAssayStrainSample/genomeEvidence
Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476 RESISTANT 8.0 mg/L — EUCAST broth microdilution, source RPMI 1640 condition JEY355 —
Evidence Page data (JSON.gz)
Candida tropicalis NCBITaxon:5482 RESISTANT >128.0 mg/L — EUCAST broth microdilution, source RPMI 1640 condition JEY162 —
Evidence Page data (JSON.gz)

Resistance mechanisms

77 source-backed resistance determinants or associations, with ARO grounding where reported. Grouped by reported mechanism type.

UNKNOWN 35
UNKNOWN
DeterminantARO IDOrganismGene familiesEvidence
Candida albicans TAC1 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009241 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009241 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans Upc2 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009637 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009637 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Clinical ERG3 association with fluconazole resistance
Same-isolate genotype-phenotype co-occurrence, not independent causality for this component of the reported combined ERG3/ERG11 genotype. Source alteration notation retained; no reference-coordinate equivalence or laboratory-derivative identity inferred.		 — Candida tropicalis NCBITaxon:5482
strain JEY162
UniProtKB:N0A5G3		 ERG3
  • PMID:23629718 (Results: clinical susceptibility and CtERG3 sequence analysis; Table 3. The genotype and measured phenotype share the named clinical isolate. Laboratory functional evidence remains separate.)
  • UniProtKB:N0A5G3 (Release 2026_03, entry version 42, sequence version 1, inspected 2026-10-08. Paper-declared deposit KC676662 / AGK44786.1 has protein-specific JEY162 strain evidence in citation CI-DK7KGAGGARC54. That citation has no indexed PMID; linkage uses the declared accession and strain, not bibliography alone. A different reference's ATCC strain label is not transferred.)
CnAFR1 (unknown) [Overexpression] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review posteraro-2003-subject-reference-context: Primary Results identify BPY22.17, distinct from susceptible parent BPY22; source spelling BYP22 is preserved, not treated as a verified synonym. UniProt Q8X0Z3 (AFR1; AJ318062/CAC59691.2) cites this paper but names CR 22.17; its equivalence to the tested subject is unresolved. The paper names genomic deposit AJ428201 and identifies serotype D. Protein and NCBITaxon:5207 remain reference context while the modern species crosswalk is unresolved. No exact experimental protein, allele or genome is assigned. Source alteration, phenotype and assay are unchanged. Original source background label: BYP22. Reference-only source identifiers: taxon_id=NCBITaxon:5207; protein_accession=UniProtKB:Q8X0Z3.		 — Cryptococcus neoformans
strain BPY22.17
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:12519188 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:8831; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03281.x (Identifier-scope review: Publisher-indexed primary full text: Results distinguishes BPY22.17 from parent BPY22; Figure 1 caption identifies their comparison; CnAFR1 identity section names AJ428201; Strains and media specifies serotype D; no visual figure inspection, UniProtKB release 2026_03: Q8X0Z3 entry 116, sequence version 1; AFR1, AJ318062/CAC59691.2, TaxID 5207; citation PMID:12519188 has strain comment CR 22.17, UniProt Taxonomy release 2026_03: 5207 is Cryptococcus neoformans; a separate exact Cryptococcus deneoformans query resolves 40410, whose serotype-D label is in otherNames, not an accepted exact-name subject crosswalk. Reviewed 2026-10-09 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
Cryptococcus neoformans AIF1 mutations conferring resistance against fluconazole ARO:3009379 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009379 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
DOX::ERG11+(DOX repressible promoter) (other) [Knockdown] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review nakayama-2001-reference-subject-context: ATCC 2001 is the retained source background/comparator label, not an exact tested-derivative identity. P50859 and taxonomy 284593 identify reference context. Source biology is unchanged; no individual derivative, allele accession or MIC is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:284593; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P50859.		 — Candida glabrata NCBITaxon:5478
strain ATCC 2001 CAGL0E04334g-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:11600353 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:3694; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.45.11.3037-3045.2001 (Identifier-scope review: Publisher-indexed primary Results and Figure 5 caption inspected with web tool; direct HTML/PDF unavailable and EBI fullTextXML HTTP 500, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P50859 entry 162, sequence version 1; ERG11 locus CAGL0E04334g and reference taxonomy 284593. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11 transformant(Darlington-ERG11(Y132H, I471T)) (transformant) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review kakeya-2000-darlington-subject-context: CAI4 is recipient background, not transformant 12. SC5314 identifiers are reference-only; donor and heterologous-host comparisons remain separate. Source biological fields and Not assayed qualifier are unchanged. Original source background label: CAI4. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain transformant 12 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:11036010 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.44.11.2985-2990.2000 (Identifier-scope review: Primary Results and Figure 3 caption: publisher full text inspected with web tool; direct fetch HTTP 403, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; SC5314 reference taxonomy 237561. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11 transformant(JEY162-ERG11(824-955bpdelta + D275V) (transformant) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review eddouzi-2013-erg11-reference-context: UniProtKB:P14263 and the retained gene_id identify a reference ERG11 locus, not the deposited clinical allele or tested derivative. The imported subject label remains unresolved. Source notation, compound-specific phenotype and species are retained without coordinate normalization, subject reassignment or independent attribution of combined-genotype effects. Reference-only source identifiers: protein_accession=UniProtKB:P14263.		 — Candida tropicalis NCBITaxon:5482
strain 1909 CTRG_05283-t43_1
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:23629718 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:8774; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.00555-13 (Identifier-scope review: Results, Tables 1 and 3, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P14263 entry 126, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11 transformant(MRL862-ERG11(Y145F)) (transformant) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review sionov-2012-parent-and-deposit-context: H99 is the parent/reference background, distinct from the clinical isolate and tested derivatives. Q870D1 has species-level taxonomy and a deposit cross-reference different from those reported in this paper; it does not resolve an exact subject allele. Source biological fields remain unchanged. No replacement protein, strain TaxID, genome or measurement is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: protein_accession=UniProtKB:Q870D1.		 — Cryptococcus neoformans NCBITaxon:5207
strain H99
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:22155829 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1668; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.05502-11 (Identifier-scope review: Results and Discussion, Table 1: reference parent, clinical isolate and tested derivatives, Nucleotide accession statement: paper deposits differ from the imported entry cross-reference, UniProtKB release 2026_03: Q870D1 entry 121, sequence version 1; species taxonomy and EMBL cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(D278N G464S) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(D446E) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(E266D G464S) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(F145L E266D) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(F145L) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(F449V) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(G307S G450E) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(G448E) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(G450E) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(G464S) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(I483V G450E) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(K143R E266D) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(K143R) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(M258L G464S) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(S405F) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(Y132F F145L) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(Y132F K143R) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG11(Y132F) (amino acid mutation) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review flowers-2015-reference-context: The strain label denotes the susceptible parent background, not either tested replicate or a clinical donor. UniProtKB:P10613 and the retained gene_id identify the reference ERG11 locus, not an exact experimental allele. Deposited clinical-source proteins are separate evidence; no isolate join, coordinate normalization or attribution of a combined genotype's effect to each component is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:P10613.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C5_00660C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:25385095 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1132; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.03470-14 (Identifier-scope review: Table 1, Results and Figure 2, Table 3: separate clinical cohort, UniProtKB release 2026_03: P10613 entry 179, sequence version 2; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG3 transformant(JEY162-ERG3(S258F)) (transformant) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review eddouzi-2013-erg3-donor-context: UniProtKB:N0A5G3 explicitly links the clinical donor JEY162 deposit KC676662 / AGK44786.1, not the imported subject label, which remains unresolved. Clinical, heterologous-host and native-derivative observations remain distinct; combined-genotype effects are not attributed independently to this component. Reference-only source identifiers: protein_accession=UniProtKB:N0A5G3.		 — Candida tropicalis NCBITaxon:5482
strain 1909
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:23629718 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:8773; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.00555-13 (Identifier-scope review: Results: clinical and laboratory subjects, Tables 1 and 3, Declared deposits, UniProtKB release 2026_03: N0A5G3 entry 42, sequence version 1; KC676662 / AGK44786.1 strain evidence. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG3delta (deletion) associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review rybak-2017-albicans-reference-context: The retained strain label is parent background, not the tested deletion derivative. UniProtKB:Q59VG6 and the retained gene_id ground the reference ERG3 locus. Reference protein and strain TaxID are not derivative identifiers. Native clinical-isolate and laboratory observations remain separate; no MIC or exact derivative identifier is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:Q59VG6.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C1_04770C_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:28630186 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:1133; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.00651-17 (Identifier-scope review: Results: ERG3 disruption comparisons, Strain table: parent and derivative rows, UniProtKB release 2026_03: Q59VG6 entry 109, sequence version 1; EnsemblFungi cross-reference. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
ERG3delta (deletion) associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review rybak-2017-parapsilosis-reference-context: UniProtKB:G8B7T4 / CPAR2_105550 and strain TaxID 578454 identify CDC 317 reference context, not a clinical isolate or tested derivative. The source row does not uniquely resolve either tested background. Its deletion claim is not the native clinical variant; no individual isolate, clinical protein, genome or MIC is assigned. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:578454; protein_accession=UniProtKB:G8B7T4.		 — Candida parapsilosis NCBITaxon:5480
strain Unknown strain
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:28630186 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:8772; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.00651-17 (Identifier-scope review: Results: clinical isolates and ERG3 disruption comparisons, Strain table: two clinical backgrounds and their derivatives, UniProtKB release 2026_03: G8B7T4 entry 50, sequence version 1; EMBL and CGD cross-references. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
Efg1delta (deletion) associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review sla1-2024-candida-reference-context: The source SN152 label denotes the parent background, not either separately tested derivative. UniProtKB:Q5ALV2, UniProtKB:Q59X67, the retained gene_ids and TaxID 237561 identify SC5314 reference loci and strain, not exact subject alleles. The reported plate-growth observations are not converted into MICs or clinical categories. Source alterations, phenotypes and assays are unchanged; exact subject protein, strain TaxID and genome remain unresolved. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:Q59X67.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SN152 CR_07890W_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:39464835 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:5984; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.2147/idr.s483623 (Identifier-scope review: Results sections s0003-s2004 and s0003-s2005: separately tested derivatives, Figures 4A and 5C: parent comparisons; source SN152 background context, UniProtKB release 2026_03: Q5ALV2 entry 130, sequence version 1; Q59X67 entry 115, sequence version 2; reference loci and taxonomy. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Microscopy
MRR1 transformant(JEY355-MRR1(V877F)) (transformant) [Not assayed] associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review eddouzi-2013-mrr1-reference-context: The strain label denotes reference background, not the clinical donor JEY355 or a uniquely resolved tested derivative. UniProtKB:Q5A4G2 and the retained gene_id ground the reference MRR1 locus. Source rows do not resolve allele dosage or individual derivative; drug-specific assays and clinical MICs remain separate. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:Q5A4G2.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314 C3_05920W_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:23629718 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:8769; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1128/aac.00555-13 (Identifier-scope review: Results, Tables 1, 3 and 4, Figure 3, UniProtKB release 2026_03: Q5A4G2 entry 131, sequence version 1. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Cell growth assay
Sdh8delta (deletion) associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review huang-2024-parent-reference-context: SC5314 is retained as parent background, not the separately tested derivative. A0A1D8PGP5 and TaxID 237561 identify SC5314 reference context. CGD version A22-s08-m01-r37 explicitly lists the paper's orf19.1588 and UniProt's orf19.9161 as aliases of SDH8 reference locus C2_02620W_A, primary CGDID CAL0000192813, which exactly matches the UniProt CGD cross-reference. This resolves reference-locus nomenclature, not an experimental allele. Clinical and laboratory subjects remain separate. Source alteration, phenotype and assay are unchanged; no exact experimental accession, gene identifier, genome or numeric measurement is inferred. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:A0A1D8PGP5.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SC5314
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:39403939 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:10398; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.1080/21505594.2024.2405000 (Identifier-scope review: Cached primary XML: Table 1 t0001 identifies SC5314 as wild type and parent of the separately listed derivative; Table 2 t0002 and Results s0003-s2005 distinguish tested subjects; Results s0003-s2001 names orf19.1588, UniProtKB release 2026_03: A0A1D8PGP5 entry 35, sequence version 1; SDH8 / orf19.9161 / CAALFM_C202620WA; reference TaxID 237561 under species 5476; GO annotations cite the paper, not an exact experimental allele, CGD reference-only alias follow-up: https://www.candidagenome.org/download/chromosomal_feature_files/C_albicans_SC5314/ORF19_Assembly22_mapping.tab (retrieved 2026-10-09, body SHA-256 722e0ec75f44c1c32ec3e222952015d2ed96cebd52c16fba25665dba84a2bfe1) maps both names to C2_02620W_A / SDH8, CGD https://www.candidagenome.org/download/chromosomal_feature_files/C_albicans_SC5314/C_albicans_SC5314_version_A22-s08-m01-r37_chromosomal_feature.tab (retrieved 2026-10-09, body SHA-256 087a09f0bbefba9ca94743c19fee18f56e3ce9cddab33bc9b3eba40089abd983): feature C2_02620W_A, primary CGDID CAL0000192813, both aliases; exact CGD cross-reference on UniProt A0A1D8PGP5, not an inferred name-normalization or sequence match. Reviewed 2026-10-09 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Macroscopic observation (qualitative observation)
Sla1delta (deletion) associated with resistance to fluconazole
This is a curated gene-alteration/chemical resistance association, not evidence for a specific biochemical resistance mechanism. Grounding review sla1-2024-candida-reference-context: The source SN152 label denotes the parent background, not either separately tested derivative. UniProtKB:Q5ALV2, UniProtKB:Q59X67, the retained gene_ids and TaxID 237561 identify SC5314 reference loci and strain, not exact subject alleles. The reported plate-growth observations are not converted into MICs or clinical categories. Source alterations, phenotypes and assays are unchanged; exact subject protein, strain TaxID and genome remain unresolved. Reference-only source identifiers: strain_taxon_id=NCBITaxon:237561; protein_accession=UniProtKB:Q5ALV2.		 — Candida albicans NCBITaxon:5476
strain SN152 C2_01640W_A-T
PHIPO:0000653		 —
  • PMID:39464835 (PHI-base primary-literature antimicrobial interaction PHIG:10399; joined to this record by exact ChEBI identifier.)
  • DOI:10.2147/idr.s483623 (Identifier-scope review: Results sections s0003-s2004 and s0003-s2005: separately tested derivatives, Figures 4A and 5C: parent comparisons; source SN152 background context, UniProtKB release 2026_03: Q5ALV2 entry 130, sequence version 1; Q59X67 entry 115, sequence version 2; reference loci and taxonomy. Reviewed 2026-10-08 by codex; curation/phibase_grounding_reviews.json SHA-256 1f5d50346b2916fce10969afa8d6409ea836dd15e8cf7fe3cfa3a78d6289b4ed.)
Microscopy
antifungal susceptible Upc2 ARO:3009638 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009638 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
ANTIBIOTIC_TARGET_ALTERATION 24
ANTIBIOTIC_TARGET_ALTERATION
DeterminantARO IDOrganismGene familiesEvidence
Aspergillus fumigatus Cyp51A with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009519 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009519 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans Cyp51 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009523 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009523 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans Cyp51a with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009504 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009504 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans Erg11 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009414 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009414 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans FKS1 beta-1,3-glucan with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009559 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009559 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida auris ERG11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009213 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009213 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida dubliniensis ERG11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009578 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009578 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida glabrata ERG11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009397 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009397 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida glabrata FKS1 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009422 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009422 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida glabrata FKS2 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009412 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009412 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida orthopsilosis ERG11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009579 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009579 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida parapsilosis Erg11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations associated with resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009222 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009222 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida parapsilosis Erg3 C-5 sterol desaturase with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009242 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009242 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida parapsilosis FSK1 beta-1,3-glucan synthase with mutations associated with resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009611 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009611 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida spp. ERG11 with mutations conferring resistance to azole antibiotics ARO:3007524 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3007524 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida spp. Upc2 with mutations conferring resistance to azole antibiotics ARO:3007551 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3007551 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida spp. cyp51A1 with mutations conferring resistance to triazoles and imidazole antibiotics ARO:3007666 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3007666 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida tropicalis Erg11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009226 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009226 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Cryptococcus neoformans Erg11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009228 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009228 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Histoplasma capsulatum Cyp51 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009528 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009528 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Histoplasma capsulatum Erg11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009224 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009224 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Pichia kudriavzevii ERG11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009396 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009396 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG11 lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009588 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009588 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
antifungal resistance-associated MSH ARO:3009134 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009134 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
ANTIBIOTIC_EFFLUX 18
ANTIBIOTIC_EFFLUX
DeterminantARO IDOrganismGene familiesEvidence
Candida albicans CDR1 with mutations conferring resistance to antifungals ARO:3007553 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3007553 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans CDR1 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009436 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009436 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans CDR2 with mutations conferring resistance to azoles ARO:3007554 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3007554 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans CDR2 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009444 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009444 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans MDR1 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009447 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009447 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida albicans mrr2 with mutations associated with resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009239 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009239 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida glabrata CDR1 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009438 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009438 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida glabrata Yor1 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009468 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009468 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Candida tropicalis CDR1 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009442 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009442 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Cryptococcus neoformans AFR1 with mutations conferring resistance against fluconazole ARO:3009343 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009343 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Cryptococcus neoformans PDR5 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009462 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009462 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Cryptococcus spp. AFR1 ARO:3007566 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3007566 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Debaryomyces hansenii CDR1 with mutations conferring resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009443 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009443 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Trychophyton rubrum Mdr1 with mutations associated with resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009250 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009250 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Trychophyton rubrum Mdr3 with mutations associated with resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009254 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009254 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Trychophyton rubrum Mfs1 with mutations associated with resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009261 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009261 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
Trychophyton rubrum Mfs2 with mutations associated with resistance to fluconazole ARO:3009266 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009266 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)
fungal MDR ARO:3009425 not organism-specific —
  • ARO:3009425 (CARD/ARO asserts confers_resistance_to_antibiotic ARO:3007508 (fluconazole); database assertion, not a primary citation.)

Curation history

  1. SEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-30 · seed_from_sources

    Seeded from data/raw/ inventories (ARO, CHEBI)

  2. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-30 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  3. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-30 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  4. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  5. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  6. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-08-31 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  7. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-09-02 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  8. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-09-02 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  9. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-09-03 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  10. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-09-03 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  11. RESEEDED_FROM_SOURCES 2026-09-10 · seed_from_sources

    Re-seeded from updated data/raw/ inventories

  12. ADD_PATHWAY_LINKS 2026-10-05 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Added reviewed PathwayMech relationships and any supported protein example from curation/pathway_links.yaml; organism and evidence limits are recorded in each basis.

  13. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Applied 18 pinned subject-context reviews, retaining reference-locus grounding while withholding unverified experimental protein/strain identifiers. Source alterations, phenotypes, species, genes, and existing activities unchanged. Refreshed provenance checksums on any previously reviewed claims. ERG11 parent, replicate and clinical-donor contexts remain separate.

  14. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Scoped 3 imported associations without conflating reference, donor and unresolved tested-subject identities. Preserved source alterations and phenotypes; refreshed older review checksums without biological changes. Added two independently reported clinical MICs in mg/L, preserving qualifiers and historical interpretation, and one deposit-grounded ERG3 same-isolate association without independent component causality.

  15. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Scoped two imported ERG3 associations: reference proteins and strain TaxIDs are not experimental-subject identifiers. Retained source species, background labels, alterations and phenotypes; clinical isolates remain separate. Existing activities and curator claims unchanged; refreshed older review checksums.

  16. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed the whole-file PHI-base review checksum after carboxin reference-context reviews; all biological fields, activities and previous decisions unchanged.

  17. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed the whole-file PHI-base review checksum after two additional carboxin identifier-scope corrections; all biological fields, activities and previous decisions unchanged.

  18. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed the whole-file PHI-base review checksum after eleven additional identifier-scope corrections; biological fields, activities and decisions unchanged.

  19. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed the whole-file PHI-base review checksum after seventeen additional identifier-scope corrections; biological fields, activities and decisions unchanged.

  20. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed the whole-file PHI-base review checksum after one yeast identity-scope correction; biological fields, activities and prior decisions unchanged.

  21. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Scoped imported reference protein and strain TaxID to provenance, not tested-subject identity. Source parent labels, alterations, phenotypes and assays preserved; no experimental allele, genome or activity measurement inferred.

  22. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Scoped source protein and reference-strain identifiers to provenance, not exact experimental subjects, after primary-paper review. Parent labels and source biological fields preserved; no new allele, measurement or genome inferred.

  23. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed the shared PHI-base review checksum after six identifier-scope corrections; previous decisions, biological fields and activities unchanged.

  24. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed the shared PHI-base review checksum after eight subject-identity corrections; previous decisions, biological fields and activities unchanged.

  25. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Corrected CAI4 background label to the primary-study subject transformant 12; moved SC5314 reference identifiers into provenance. Source alteration, phenotype, Not assayed qualifier and activities unchanged; no experimental accession inferred.

  26. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Separated ATCC 2001 reference identifiers from the experimental derivative context. Source gene, background label, alteration, phenotype and activities unchanged; no experimental accession or measurement inferred.

  27. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed shared PHI-base review checksum after the Duan reference-scope review; prior decisions, biological fields and activities unchanged.

  28. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed shared PHI-base review checksum after the Piotrowska parent-reference review; prior decisions, biological fields and activities unchanged.

  29. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed shared PHI-base review checksum after the Xu subject and species corrections; prior decisions, biological fields and activities unchanged.

  30. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed shared PHI-base review checksum after the Shima parent-reference review; prior decisions, biological fields and activities unchanged.

  31. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed shared PHI-base review checksum after the Mehrabi parent-reference review; prior decisions, biological fields and activities unchanged.

  32. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-08 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Scoped SC5314 reference protein and strain TaxID to provenance after primary identity review. Parent label, source alteration, phenotype, assay and activities preserved; historical locus alias unresolved, no experimental accession inferred.

  33. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-09 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed shared PHI-base review checksum after the HDF1 subject-reference review; prior decisions, biological fields and activities unchanged.

  34. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-09 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed shared PHI-base review checksum after the Fouche parent-cohort review; prior decisions, biological fields and activities unchanged.

  35. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_REFERENCE_CONTEXT 2026-10-09 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Resolved the SDH8 reference-locus alias through versioned CGD identifier metadata and the exact UniProt CGD cross-reference. Experimental identifiers remain withheld; source biology and activities are unchanged.

  36. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-09 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Resolved the Posteraro primary-paper subject as BPY22.17, retaining source spelling BYP22 in provenance. Withheld unverified protein and taxonomy assignments; source resistance assertion, alteration, phenotype, assay and other evidence unchanged.

  37. RECONCILED_BRANCH_CURATION 2026-10-11 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Integrated main's reviewed PathwayMech links with the resistance-grounding checkpoint; retained both committed event histories and all resistance and activity evidence.

  38. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_REFERENCE_CONTEXT 2026-10-12 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed the shared PHI-base review checksum after four reference-identifier scope corrections; previous decisions, biological fields and activities unchanged.

  39. REVIEWED_RESISTANCE_SUBJECT_CONTEXT 2026-10-13 · codex · LLM-assisted

    Refreshed the shared PHI-base review checksum after one Neurospora subject-context correction; previous decisions, biological fields and activities unchanged.

Provenance

Seeded by scripts/seed_from_sources.py from the committed inventories in data/raw/. View the record (YAML).

Explore across X-Mech: MediaIngredientMech (fluconazole) · CultureMech · NaturalProductMech · PathwayMech · TraitMech