A stable thermophilic cellulose-degrading consortium (SF356) from composting systems, consisting of five bacterial strains: Clostridium straminisolvens CSK1, Clostridium sp. FG4, Pseudoxanthomonas sp. M1-3, Brevibacillus sp. M1-5, and Bordetella sp. M1-6. The community exhibits both functional and structural stability over 20 subcultures at 50°C. Synergistic interactions occur between the anaerobic cellulolytic Clostridium and aerobic bacteria, where aerobes create anaerobic conditions while receiving acetate and glucose from cellulose fermentation.
Taxonomy
| Taxon | Ontology ID | Functional Roles | Abundance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clostridium straminisolvens CSK1 — ontology label: Acetivibrio straminisolvens | NCBITaxon:253314 · TaxonMech · TraitMech |
PRIMARY_DEGRADER
|
DOMINANT |
|
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| Clostridium sp. FG4 | NCBITaxon:319464 · TaxonMech · TraitMech |
PRIMARY_DEGRADER
|
COMMON |
|
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| Pseudoxanthomonas sp. M1-3 | NCBITaxon:118669 · TaxonMech · TraitMech |
SYNTROPHIC_PARTNER
|
COMMON |
|
|||
| Brevibacillus sp. M1-5 — ontology label: Brevibacillus | NCBITaxon:55080 · TaxonMech · TraitMech |
SYNTROPHIC_PARTNER
|
COMMON |
|
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| Bordetella sp. M1-6 | NCBITaxon:118667 · TaxonMech · TraitMech |
SYNTROPHIC_PARTNER
|
COMMON |
|
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Ecological Interactions
The graph shows only explicitly linked interaction participants. Community members without an asserted participant link are omitted; membership alone does not imply an interaction.
Thermophilic Cellulose Hydrolysis
CROSS_FEEDINGClostridium straminisolvens CSK1 hydrolyzes cellulose in the five-member SF356 culture and supplies acetate and glucose that support the aerobic Pseudoxanthomonas and Brevibacillus partners.
Source Taxon: Clostridium straminisolvens CSK1
Participating Taxa: Clostridium straminisolvens CSK1, Pseudoxanthomonas sp. M1-3, Brevibacillus sp. M1-5
Metabolites: cellulose (CHEBI:18246 · MediaIngredientMech · CMMMech), glucose (CHEBI:17234 · MediaIngredientMech · CMMMech), acetate (CHEBI:30089 · MediaIngredientMech · CMMMech)
Biological Processes:
- cellulose catabolic process (GO:0030245 · PathwayMech)
Acetate and glucose supplied by C. straminisolvens CSK1 feed the aerobic partners whose respiration removes oxygen from the cellulose culture.
Evidence
-
PMID:16269746 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)"C. straminisolvens CSK1 supplied metabolites (acetate and glucose)"
Oxygen Consumption and Anaerobiosis Creation
MUTUALISMPseudoxanthomonas sp. M1-3 and Brevibacillus sp. M1-5 introduce anaerobic conditions that support cellulolytic CSK1 in the mixed culture. Together with CSK1 metabolite supply, this is a supported positive reciprocal relationship. It does not imply CSK1 cannot tolerate any oxygen.
Participating Taxa: Clostridium straminisolvens CSK1, Pseudoxanthomonas sp. M1-3, Brevibacillus sp. M1-5
Biological Processes:
- aerobic respiration (GO:0009060 · PathwayMech)
- interspecies interaction (GO:0044419 · PathwayMech)
Aerobic oxygen consumption lowers oxygen availability and supports CSK1 cellulose degradation in the mixed culture, completing the positive feedback with metabolite supply. This does not assert an absolute zero-oxygen requirement for the aerotolerant CSK1 isolate.
Evidence
-
PMID:16269746 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)"the aerobes introduced anaerobic conditions"
FG4 Excess Acetate Inhibits Cellulose Degradation
The primary abstract attributes inhibition of SF356 cellulose degradation to excess acetic acid produced by Clostridium sp. FG4. Retain this negative community-function link; it does not separately establish reciprocal harm between FG4 and CSK1 or isolated CSK1 toxicity.
Source Taxon: Clostridium sp. FG4
Metabolites: acetic acid (CHEBI:15366 · MediaIngredientMech · CMMMech)
Biological Processes:
- cellulose catabolic process (GO:0030245 · PathwayMech)
Excess acetic acid attributed to FG4 inhibits cellulose degradation in the mixed culture, opposing the community hydrolysis/cross-feeding process. The accessible evidence does not isolate the effect on CSK1 from the rest of the consortium.
Evidence
-
PMID:16269746 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)"the inhibition of cellulose degradation by producing excess amounts of acetic acid by Clostridium sp. strain FG4"
Brevibacillus Suppression of Bordetella
Brevibacillus sp. M1-5 suppresses growth of Bordetella sp. M1-6 in the relationships inferred from the SF356 knockout communities. Suppression is retained without asserting reciprocal harm or an identified inhibitory mechanism. The positive CSK1-aerobe relationship is separately retained.
Source Taxon: Brevibacillus sp. M1-5
Target Taxon: Bordetella sp. M1-6
Biological Processes:
- interspecies interaction (GO:0044419 · PathwayMech)
Evidence
-
PMID:16269746 - SUPPORT (IN_VITRO)"growth suppression of Bordetella sp. strain M1-6 by Brevibacillus sp. strain M1-5"
Knowledge gaps & discussions (1)
KNOWLEDGE_GAP OPEN What causes the negative effects and which partners are harmed?
The fresh primary abstract supports the positive metabolite/oxygen feedback, FG4-associated excess-acid inhibition and Brevibacillus suppression of Bordetella. The available evidence does not establish reciprocal harm required by COMPETITION. The complete main text was not retrieved in this pass, so no further inhibitory mechanism is certified. Current SYNTROPHY does not require obligacy, but oxygen facilitation alone is not product-removal feedback. CSK1 aerotolerance also precludes an absolute zero-oxygen claim. Non-graph origin, physiological roles and whole-community cultivation claims remain issue1770.
Attaches to: ecological_interactions#Thermophilic Cellulose Hydrolysis, ecological_interactions#Oxygen Consumption and Anaerobiosis Creation, ecological_interactions#FG4 Excess Acetate Inhibits Cellulose Degradation, ecological_interactions#Brevibacillus Suppression of Bordetella
2 evidence item(s)
knockout communities
The source investigated member removal, not merely coexistence.
grew under a gas phase containing up to 4 % O(2)
The isolate abstract directly establishes CSK1 oxygen tolerance.
Environmental Factors
| Factor | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature | 50-55°C | N/A |
| pH | 7.5 | N/A |
| Stability | 20 subcultures | N/A |
| Oxygen gradient | aerobic to anaerobic | N/A |
Growth Media
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