GINS complex

GO:0000811 · Other · Multiprotein complex · Proposed

A heterotetrameric protein complex that associates with replication origins, where it is required for the initiation of DNA replication, and with replication forks. [GO:0000811]

Synonyms: Go, Ichi, Ni and San complex

UniProt location names: UniProt Consortium, CC BY 4.0. Reference label and route sources.

Components

Component	Type	Part of / acts on	Grounding	Genes	Essential	Role
Sld5 GINS subunit	Protein	part of	Reviewed label only (reviewed name; no accession asserted)	SLD5	UNKNOWN	Named Saccharomyces cerevisiae constituent of the heterotetrameric GINS complex. `GO:0000811` GO:0000811 defines the GINS complex as a heterotetrameric replication-origin and replication-fork protein complex. `DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903` Takayama et al. 2003 described budding-yeast GINS as a complex of Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3 proteins.
Psf1 GINS subunit	Protein	part of	Reviewed label only (reviewed name; no accession asserted)	PSF1	UNKNOWN	Named Saccharomyces cerevisiae constituent of the heterotetrameric GINS complex. `GO:0000811` GO:0000811 defines the GINS complex as a heterotetrameric replication-origin and replication-fork protein complex. `DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903` Takayama et al. 2003 described budding-yeast GINS as a complex of Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3 proteins.
Psf2 GINS subunit	Protein	part of	Reviewed label only (reviewed name; no accession asserted)	PSF2	UNKNOWN	Named Saccharomyces cerevisiae constituent of the heterotetrameric GINS complex. `GO:0000811` GO:0000811 defines the GINS complex as a heterotetrameric replication-origin and replication-fork protein complex. `DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903` Takayama et al. 2003 described budding-yeast GINS as a complex of Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3 proteins.
Psf3 GINS subunit	Protein	part of	Reviewed label only (reviewed name; no accession asserted)	PSF3	UNKNOWN	Named Saccharomyces cerevisiae constituent of the heterotetrameric GINS complex. `GO:0000811` GO:0000811 defines the GINS complex as a heterotetrameric replication-origin and replication-fork protein complex. `DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903` Takayama et al. 2003 described budding-yeast GINS as a complex of Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3 proteins.

Taxonomic distribution

NCBITaxon:4932 Saccharomyces cerevisiae — COMMON: Budding yeast has a heterotetrameric GINS complex made of Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3 that is required for chromosomal DNA replication. [DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903]

Canonical examples

NCBITaxon:4932 Saccharomyces cerevisiae — Reference yeast system in which the Sld5-Psf1-Psf2-Psf3 GINS complex was discovered and connected to replication origins and chromosomal DNA replication. [DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903]

Functions

DNA replication GO:0006260 — The GINS complex supports chromosomal DNA replication by associating with origins and replication forks.
- GO:0006260 GO:0006260 is the biological-process term for DNA replication.
- DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903 Takayama et al. 2003 showed that budding-yeast GINS associates with origins during S phase and is required for chromosomal DNA replication.

Mechanism graphs

GINS supports chromosomal DNA replication (FUNCTION)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3 form the heterotetrameric GINS complex that supports chromosomal DNA replication.

Subject	Predicate	Object	Evidence
Sld5 GINS subunit	contributes to	GINS complex	`GO:0000811` GO:0000811 defines GINS as a heterotetrameric protein complex. `DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903` Takayama et al. 2003 described budding-yeast GINS as containing Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3.
Psf1 GINS subunit	contributes to	GINS complex	`GO:0000811` GO:0000811 defines GINS as a heterotetrameric protein complex. `DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903` Takayama et al. 2003 described budding-yeast GINS as containing Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3.
Psf2 GINS subunit	contributes to	GINS complex	`GO:0000811` GO:0000811 defines GINS as a heterotetrameric protein complex. `DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903` Takayama et al. 2003 described budding-yeast GINS as containing Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3.
Psf3 GINS subunit	contributes to	GINS complex	`GO:0000811` GO:0000811 defines GINS as a heterotetrameric protein complex. `DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903` Takayama et al. 2003 described budding-yeast GINS as containing Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3.
GINS complex	supports	DNA replication	`GO:0000811` GO:0000811 defines GINS as a complex required for initiation of DNA replication and associated with replication forks. `DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903` Takayama et al. 2003 connected budding-yeast GINS to chromosomal DNA replication.

Discussions

CURATION_TODO (OPEN): Resolve exact source-neutral family groundings for the Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3 GINS subunits. The GO complex term exactly identifies GINS and Takayama et al. 2003 define the four budding-yeast constituent proteins, but exact InterPro, Pfam, NCBIfam or UniProtKB family CURIEs for the four GINS-specific subunit classes were not curated in this pass.
INTERPRETATION (RESOLVED): Keep Cdc45 and MCM helicase proteins outside the GINS component list. GO:0000811 defines GINS itself as a heterotetrameric complex, and Takayama et al. 2003 separated GINS from other replication initiation factors. Cdc45 and MCM proteins therefore belong to adjacent replisome or CMG-helicase context, not as constituents of the GINS complex.

Evidence

GO:0000811 Gene Ontology cellular-component term for the GINS complex.
GO:0032991 Gene Ontology cellular-component parent term for protein-containing complexes.
GO:0006260 Gene Ontology biological-process term for DNA replication.
PMID:12730134 PubMed identifier for Takayama et al. 2003, the budding-yeast GINS discovery and DNA-replication paper.
DOI:10.1101/gad.1065903 DOI for Takayama et al. 2003, 'GINS, a novel multiprotein complex required for chromosomal DNA replication in budding yeast', verified through NCBI E-utilities.

Curation history

2026-09-27T09:00:52Z codex · CREATED_RECORD — Scaffolded by scripts/new_record.py
2026-09-27T09:02:10Z codex · EXPANDED_RECORD — Added GO synonymy, protein-containing-complex parentage, four budding-yeast GINS constituent rows, yeast scope, DNA-replication function evidence, GO/PubMed/DOI evidence, a nonmechanistic function graph, and GINS subunit-grounding and CMG-boundary discussions.
2026-09-27T09:12:06Z codex · FIX_DISCUSSION_ANCHOR — Replaced the bare CMG-boundary discussion components anchor with concrete GINS component anchors.

Source: data/structures/other/gins_complex.yaml