fungal nematophagy

traitmech:000719 · CLASS · PROPOSED

A nutritional phenotype in which a fungus consumes nematodes as food.

Trait evidence (4)

  • DOI:10.3390/f10050404
    Nematophagy implies the consumption of nematodes.

    Marlin et al. 2019, Introduction, PDF page 1: directly read terminology, not an independent experiment. The fungal actor qualifies the term; consumption, not paralysis alone, defines the endpoint. Publisher PDF visually checked. Native DOI abstract verifier: UNRESOLVED, retained separately from the direct match. Crossref and USDA identify the same DOI/title.

  • DOI:10.3390/f10050404
    Susceptible rhabditid species (Poikilolaimus oxycercus) being consumed by Pleurotus ostreatus hyphae.

    Figure 2a caption, actual PDF page 6 and panel inspected, with Methods 2.1-2.3 and Results 3.2. This is a source-named feeding observation, not measured nutrient flux. Native verifier: UNRESOLVED. Host susceptibility is differential; neither all nematodes nor all Pleurotus isolates are asserted. The two excerpts from this paper total 17 words.

  • https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/fan/40780.pdf
    The saprophytic and predacious ability appeared not to be mutually exclusive.

    den Belder and Jansen 1994, Summary, PDF page 1, directly and visually matched. Selected Methods, Results and Discussion, including actual pages 6-8, describe Arthrobotrys oligospora CBS 289.82 feeding on living and previously killed Meloidogyne hapla juveniles. Internal hyphal occupancy is not a tracer assimilation assay. The excerpt supports nonexclusive feeding modes, not an exact rate. URL evidence is not run by the native DOI/PMID abstract verifier.

  • DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002400
    At mid to late time points, we observed hyphal growth inside nematodes following penetration of the cuticle, corresponding to digestion.

    Lin et al. 2023, PMID:37988381; Results subsection on late-time protease induction, publisher XML sec018. Native verifier: NOT_IN_ABSTRACT; exact full-text match. Actual Figure 5, Table 1 and S7 inspected. GFP-labeled reference TWF3407 is engineered, not an unmodified natural exemplar. Protease inhibition delays internal growth at 12 h without proving complete feeding loss or quantifying assimilation. Remaining figures and raw S1 spreadsheet were not fully audited.

Provenance

Identifier source
TraitMech local identifier
Definition source
DOI:10.3390/f10050404

Parent traits (1)

kg-microbe context

No kg-microbe node embedding matched this record in the 2026-04-25 deepwalk.

Canonical examples (1)

Organisms cited as exemplars of this trait. Taxon ids are NCBITaxon and link out to the NCBI record.

  • Pleurotus ostreatus NCBITaxon:5322 DOI:10.3390/f10050404 Qualified Figure 2a example: unnamed culture isolated from grocery-store mushrooms and identified morphologically, per Methods 2.1 at https://doi.org/10.3390/f10050404. The water-agar assay used 20 mixed-age nematodes and assessed this fungus after one week. No strain deposit, molecular identification or genetic provenance is inferred. NCBI EFetch resolved the species on 2026-10-13.

Discussions and Knowledge Gaps (3)

Open questions attached to this trait. Seeded by just knowledge-gap-scan and curated; see the corpus-wide index.

Resolve the broader feeding hierarchy without imposing a capture mechanism or carbon-specific endpoint.

CURATION TODO OPEN fungal-nematophagy-scope-and-hierarchy · raised by codex · 2026-10-13

Not yet attached to a section of this record — a curator sets attaches_to (e.g. causal_graphs#some_edge) so the gap shows beside the mechanism it concerns.

Feeding on living or previously dead nematodes is included; fungal killing, obligacy and starvation are not universal requirements. Mere contact, paralysis, killing, trap formation or a sequence annotation alone is insufficient. Fungal nematode-trap formation (traitmech:000718) is structural, neither necessary nor sufficient for feeding. Mycoparasitism (traitmech:000717) has fungal prey; predatory bacterium (traitmech:000054) has a bacterial actor and prey. Phagotrophy (traitmech:000628), myzocytosis (traitmech:000631) and pallium feeding (traitmech:000632) impose different uptake modes. Saprotrophy (traitmech:000055) can overlap, without organism-level disjointness. Local parasitism (traitmech:000043) inherits persistent association, not required here. Keep phenotype METPO:1000059 pending a closer feeding hierarchy; no universal carbon, nitrogen or energy contribution is specified. Bare nematophagy includes nonfungal actors and is not an exact synonym. No unverified synonyms or xrefs are asserted.

Review upstream placement without reviving deprecated identifiers.

CURATION TODO OPEN fungal-nematophagy-metpo-assessment · raised by codex · 2026-10-13

Not yet attached to a section of this record — a curator sets attaches_to (e.g. causal_graphs#some_edge) so the gap shows beside the mechanism it concerns.

Pinned and current METPO lack an exact active counterpart in the inspected scope. Historical METPO:0000005 and METPO:000005 are deprecated and replace to active METPO:1000631 trophic type, a carbon/energy axis rather than this prey-defined feeding phenotype. METPO:1000644 is organic-carbon heterotrophy and METPO:1000731 concerns nutrient-availability adaptation. Deprecated METPO:0000261, METPO:000262 and METPO:1000125 concern fungal spores; METPO:1000227 is parasitism. No replacement or consider annotation was observed for those four. Their OMO:0001000 reasons neither invalidate biology nor authorize reuse. Historical IDs are not exact xrefs. The pinned ontology remains unchanged; v595 proposes the new class.

Resolve source inconsistencies and taxon-paired effectors before adding a causal graph.

KNOWLEDGE GAP OPEN fungal-nematophagy-source-and-mechanism-limits · raised by codex · 2026-10-13

Not yet attached to a section of this record — a curator sets attaches_to (e.g. causal_graphs#some_edge) so the gap shows beside the mechanism it concerns.

Marlin's Table 2 conflicts with its Introduction on two host responses; Table 3 and Results differ for P. artyukhovskii. Those disputed host ranges are not imported. den Belder's Figure 2 panel labels/caption, Table 3 direction and significance notation disagree with prose; no numerical rates are adopted. Lin's Results uses mep1 where Table 1 and Figure 5 use mcp1; no protein identity is silently reconciled. Its linked DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003178 is a later Update Article, not a correction or independent laboratory replication. Capture and digestion have distinct assays; expression associations do not establish universal effectors. No causal graph, protein example or chemical mechanism is asserted. Source-status checks are bounded: MDPI's notice page returned 403, and no comprehensive notice clearance is claimed. Source hashes, inspected sections and actual native verdicts are retained in the verification sidecar.

Curation history

  1. · MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID · codex

    Added fungal nematophagy with four contiguous excerpts from three sources and a qualified Pleurotus example. Distinguished feeding from trapping, paralysis and quantified assimilation. Reserved 000719, v595 and 1067200-1067299 after ignored/hidden current-file, retained-history and open/draft PR checks; numerical false positives adjudicated. No exact active METPO counterpart identified. Other records unchanged. Timestamp is observed post-audit acceptance.

Recorded curation sessions

  • · codex
    • CREATE — Add evidence-backed fungal nematophagy

      Added traitmech:000719 as PROPOSED with four contiguous excerpts from Marlin 2019 DOI:10.3390/f10050404, den Belder and Jansen 1994 stable IRD PDF, and Lin 2023 DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002400. Includes a source-qualified Pleurotus ostreatus example, conservative phenotype parent, explicit source discrepancies and no inferred causal graph. Local ID, cohort v595 and block 1067200-1067299 passed bounded ignored/hidden, retained-history and open/draft PR reservation checks; proposal and source receipts accompany the record. Writer dry-run and validated application passed; full QC and review remain pending.

    Read this curation session