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Kamadhenu system

traitmech:000310 · CLASS · PROPOSED

A phage defense system in which an organism possesses a Kamadhenu locus that can restrict bacteriophage infection.

Trait evidence (3)

  • DOI:10.1093/nar/gkae671
    These systems were named after cheese, cattle or fermentation related deities (Rhea, Aristaios, Kamadhenu, Fliodhais, Audmula, Rugutis and Hesat)

    Grafakou et al. named Kamadhenu among seven not previously described lactococcal antiphage systems.

  • DOI:10.1073/pnas.2426508122
    we isolated 66 phage escape mutants which had become insensitive to 13 distinct, plasmid-encoded lactococcal phage resistance systems (i.e. Rhea, Kamadhenu, Rugutis, Audmula, PARIS, type II CBASS, Septu, AbiA, AbiB, AbiD/F, AbiG, AbiJ, AbiP)

    Mosterd et al. later included Kamadhenu among the distinct plasmid-encoded lactococcal phage-resistance systems investigated by phage escape-mutant isolation.

  • https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md
    Kamadhenu | 10\.1093/nar/gkae671 | Discovery of antiphage systems in the lactococcal plasmidome

    The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named Kamadhenu system to the Grafakou et al. lactococcal antiphage-system discovery paper.

Kamadhenu loci confer bacterial phage defense

Conservative system-level sketch linking possession of a Kamadhenu locus to restricted bacteriophage propagation without asserting the unresolved phage trigger or molecular output.

NONMECHANISTIC · The graph captures Kamadhenu as a named lactococcal anti-phage system while leaving its direct phage trigger, molecular substrate, antiviral effector output, natural locus breadth, and the absence of pinned DefenseFinder HMM or rule rows unresolved.

Kamadhenu loci confer bacterial phage defense Interactive directed graph showing evidence-backed causal relationships for Kamadhenu system.

Edge evidence

  • Kamadhenu locus contributes to restricted phage propagation RO:0002326

    The lactococcal plasmidome screen discovered Kamadhenu as a named antiphage system, and the DefenseFinder article registry maps the Kamadhenu system to that discovery paper.

    • DOI:10.1093/nar/gkae671 These systems were named after cheese, cattle or fermentation related deities (Rhea, Aristaios, Kamadhenu, Fliodhais, Audmula, Rugutis and Hesat) Grafakou et al. named Kamadhenu as one of the novel lactococcal antiphage systems.
    • DOI:10.1073/pnas.2426508122 we isolated 66 phage escape mutants which had become insensitive to 13 distinct, plasmid-encoded lactococcal phage resistance systems (i.e. Rhea, Kamadhenu, Rugutis, Audmula, PARIS, type II CBASS, Septu, AbiA, AbiB, AbiD/F, AbiG, AbiJ, AbiP) Mosterd et al. treat Kamadhenu as a plasmid-encoded lactococcal phage-resistance system in their escape-mutant screen.
    • https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md Kamadhenu | 10\.1093/nar/gkae671 | Discovery of antiphage systems in the lactococcal plasmidome The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named Kamadhenu system to the Grafakou et al. lactococcal antiphage-system discovery paper.
  • restricted phage propagation confers Kamadhenu system METPO:2007700

    Kamadhenu-mediated phage restriction realizes the Kamadhenu system trait.

    • DOI:10.1073/pnas.2426508122 we isolated 66 phage escape mutants which had become insensitive to 13 distinct, plasmid-encoded lactococcal phage resistance systems (i.e. Rhea, Kamadhenu, Rugutis, Audmula, PARIS, type II CBASS, Septu, AbiA, AbiB, AbiD/F, AbiG, AbiJ, AbiP) Mosterd et al. treat Kamadhenu as a plasmid-encoded lactococcal phage-resistance system in their escape-mutant screen.
  • Kamadhenu system is a phage defense system rdfs:subClassOf

    Kamadhenu system possession is a phage-defense-system trait.

Provenance

Identifier source
TraitMech local identifier
Definition source
DOI:10.1093/nar/gkae671

Parent traits (1)

Synonyms (1)

  • Kamadhenu EXACT_SYNONYM · DOI:10.1093/nar/gkae671

kg-microbe context

No kg-microbe node embedding matched this record in the 2026-04-25 deepwalk.

Discussions and Knowledge Gaps (1)

Open questions attached to this trait. Seeded by just knowledge-gap-scan and curated; see the corpus-wide index.

Resolve Kamadhenu phage triggers and effector outputs before minting narrower Kamadhenu mechanism children.

KNOWLEDGE GAP OPEN kamadhenu-mechanism-gap · raised by codex · 2026-09-20

Attached to causal_graphs#kamadhenu_locus_restricts_phage

Grafakou et al., Mosterd et al., and DefenseFinder support Kamadhenu as a named anti-phage system, but the direct trigger, molecular substrate, antiviral effector output, natural locus breadth, and profile-to-component model are not resolved enough here to assert a narrower mechanistic child trait.

Curation history

  1. · MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID · codex

    Minted Kamadhenu system as a DOI-backed GENOMICS TraitRecord under phage defense system after an ignored-and-hidden duplicate review found no exact live TraitMech, METPO, history, or prior proposal record; the replacement placeholder is reserved in proposals/metpo_traitmech_v187.

  2. · UPDATED_EVIDENCE · codex

    Added direct Mosterd et al. phage-resistance evidence to the Kamadhenu locus edge in response to PR #1140 review issue #1141.