Menshen system

traitmech:000253 · CLASS · PROPOSED

A phage defense system in which an organism possesses a Menshen locus represented by NsnA, NsnB, and NsnC profile choices that can protect bacteria from bacteriophage infection.

Trait evidence (7)

DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017
discovery of 21 defense systems that protect bacteria from phages, based on computational genomic analyses and phage-infection experiments

Millman et al. report the computational and experimental cohort that DefenseFinder cites for Menshen as a bacterial anti-phage system.
DOI:10.1101/2022.05.11.491447
discovery of 21 new defense systems that protect bacteria from phages, based on computational genomic analyses and phage infection experiments

The bioRxiv version of Millman et al. independently carries the 21-system discovery claim linked from DefenseFinder's Menshen article registry.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md
Menshen | 10\.1101/2022\.05\.11\.491447 | An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages

The DefenseFinder model registry maps the named Menshen system to the Millman et al. antiphage-system discovery preprint.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv
Menshen Menshen 2 2 Menshen__NsnA, Menshen__NsnB, Menshen__NsnC_2507451963

The DefenseFinder rules table models Menshen with NsnA, NsnB, and NsnC profile choices.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md
Menshen__NsnA | Menshen__NsnA | Menshen

The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records NsnA as a Menshen profile.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md
Menshen__NsnB | Menshen__NsnB | Menshen

The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records NsnB as a Menshen profile.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md
Menshen__NsnC_2507451963 | Menshen__NsnC_2507451963 | Menshen

The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records NsnC as a Menshen profile.

Menshen loci confer bacterial phage defense

Conservative system-level sketch linking possession of a Menshen locus to restricted bacteriophage propagation without asserting the unresolved phage trigger or molecular output.

NONMECHANISTIC · The graph captures Menshen as a named anti-phage system with DefenseFinder NsnA, NsnB, and NsnC profile choices while leaving its phage trigger, molecular substrate, antiviral effector output, and subtype breadth unresolved.

Edge evidence

Menshen locus contributes to restricted phage propagation RO:0002326
DefenseFinder maps Menshen to a bacterial anti-phage-system discovery preprint and represents Menshen loci through NsnA, NsnB, and NsnC component profiles.
- DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017 discovery of 21 defense systems that protect bacteria from phages Millman et al. describe the anti-phage discovery cohort that the DefenseFinder Menshen registry row maps to the Menshen system.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md Menshen | 10\.1101/2022\.05\.11\.491447 | An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages The DefenseFinder registry maps Menshen itself to the Millman et al. bacterial antiphage-system discovery preprint.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv Menshen Menshen 2 2 Menshen__NsnA, Menshen__NsnB, Menshen__NsnC_2507451963 The DefenseFinder rules table supports NsnA, NsnB, and NsnC as Menshen system profile choices.
restricted phage propagation confers Menshen system METPO:2007700
Menshen-mediated phage restriction realizes the Menshen system trait.
- DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017 discovery of 21 defense systems that protect bacteria from phages Millman et al. place the Menshen discovery cohort in the set of bacterial systems that protect against phages.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md Menshen | 10\.1101/2022\.05\.11\.491447 | An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages DefenseFinder records Menshen as a named system from the Millman et al. antiphage discovery preprint.
Menshen system is a phage defense system rdfs:subClassOf
Menshen system possession is a phage-defense-system trait.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages DefenseFinder associates Menshen with the Millman et al. bacterial antiphage-system discovery paper.

Provenance

Identifier source: TraitMech local identifier
Definition source: DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017

Parent traits (1)

phage defense system traitmech:000209

Synonyms (1)

Menshen EXACT_SYNONYM · https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md

kg-microbe context

No kg-microbe node embedding matched this record in the 2026-04-25 deepwalk.

Discussions and Knowledge Gaps (1)

Open questions attached to this trait. Seeded by just knowledge-gap-scan and curated; see the corpus-wide index.

Resolve Menshen phage triggers and effector outputs before minting narrower Menshen mechanism children.

KNOWLEDGE GAP OPEN menshen-mechanism-gap · raised by codex · 2026-09-18

Attached to causal_graphs#menshen_locus_restricts_phage

Millman et al. and DefenseFinder support Menshen as a named anti-phage system with NsnA, NsnB, and NsnC profile choices, but the trigger, molecular substrate, antiviral effector output, and subtype-specific mechanism are not resolved enough here to assert a narrower mechanistic child trait.

Curation history

2026-09-18T22:20:11Z · MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID · codex
Minted Menshen system as a DOI-backed GENOMICS TraitRecord under phage defense system after an ignored-and-hidden duplicate review found no exact live TraitMech, METPO, or prior proposal record; the replacement placeholder is reserved in proposals/metpo_traitmech_v130.