SanaTA system

traitmech:000373 · CLASS · PROPOSED

A phage defense system in which an organism possesses a sanaTA toxin-antitoxin locus represented by DefenseFinder as a SanaA/SanaT two-profile model and experimentally linked to resistance against T7 phage mutants lacking gene 4.5 anti-defense activity.

Trait evidence (8)

PMID:23478446
In all six tested pairs, induction of toxin expression inhibited bacterial growth, while co-induction of the toxin and antitoxin resulted in bacterial survival

Sberro et al. experimentally validated the sanaTA family as one of six new toxin-antitoxin systems.
PMID:23478446
One of the tested systems, sanaTA, was found to provide E. coli with resistance against T7Δ4.5 and T7Δ4.3Δ4.5Δ4.7, reducing sensitivity to these phage strains by about 3 orders of magnitude

Sberro et al. connect the sanaTA system to lower sensitivity to T7 phages lacking gene 4.5.
PMID:23478446
Since the sanaTA system provides resistance to the T7Δ4.5 mutant phage but not to the WT T7 phage, we hypothesized that the 4.5 gene codes for an anti-defense mechanism that overcomes the abortive infection imposed by the TA system.

Sberro et al. show that SanaTA resists a T7 gene 4.5 mutant and leave the phage-encoded anti-Abi interaction as part of the system context.
DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.002
Infection experiments with T7 phage showed that two of the new modules can provide resistance against phage.

Sberro et al. summarize that infection experiments found phage resistance in two of the newly identified modules.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md
SanaTA | 10\.1016/j\.molcel\.2013\.02\.002 | Discovery of functional toxin/antitoxin systems in bacteria by shotgun cloning

The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named SanaTA system to the Sberro et al. toxin/antitoxin shotgun-cloning paper.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv
SanaTA SanaTA 2 2 SanaTA__SanaA, SanaTA__SanaT

The DefenseFinder rules table models SanaTA as a two-profile system requiring SanaTA__SanaA and SanaTA__SanaT.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md
| SanaTA__SanaA | SanaTA__SanaA | SanaTA | Custom | 20 |

The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records SanaTA__SanaA under SanaTA.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md
| SanaTA__SanaT | SanaTA__SanaT | SanaTA | Custom | 20 |

The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records SanaTA__SanaT under SanaTA.

SanaTA loci restrict T7 gene 4.5 mutants

Conservative system-level sketch linking a DefenseFinder SanaTA locus to resistance against T7 phages lacking gene 4.5 anti-defense activity.

NONMECHANISTIC · The graph captures SanaTA as a named two-profile toxin-antitoxin phage-defense system while leaving native host breadth, SanaA and SanaT molecular activities, the exact T7 Gp4.5/Lon interaction sequence, and the extra pinned SanaTA__SanaT_1 HMM row unresolved.

Edge evidence

SanaTA locus contributes to T7 gene 4.5 mutant resistance RO:0002326
A cloned sanaTA toxin-antitoxin system can reduce sensitivity to T7 phages lacking gene 4.5, and DefenseFinder models SanaTA as a two-profile SanaA/SanaT system.
- PMID:23478446 One of the tested systems, sanaTA, was found to provide E. coli with resistance against T7Δ4.5 and T7Δ4.3Δ4.5Δ4.7, reducing sensitivity to these phage strains by about 3 orders of magnitude Sberro et al. show that SanaTA reduced sensitivity to T7 mutants lacking gene 4.5.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv SanaTA SanaTA 2 2 SanaTA__SanaA, SanaTA__SanaT The DefenseFinder rules table models SanaTA as a two-profile system requiring SanaTA__SanaA and SanaTA__SanaT.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md | SanaTA__SanaA | SanaTA__SanaA | SanaTA | Custom | 20 | The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records SanaTA__SanaA under SanaTA.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md | SanaTA__SanaT | SanaTA__SanaT | SanaTA | Custom | 20 | The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records SanaTA__SanaT under SanaTA.
T7 gene 4.5 mutant resistance confers SanaTA system METPO:2007700
SanaTA-mediated resistance to T7 gene 4.5 mutants realizes the SanaTA system trait.
- PMID:23478446 Since the sanaTA system provides resistance to the T7Δ4.5 mutant phage but not to the WT T7 phage, we hypothesized that the 4.5 gene codes for an anti-defense mechanism that overcomes the abortive infection imposed by the TA system. Sberro et al. frame T7 gene 4.5 as the anti-defense context for SanaTA-mediated abortive infection.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md SanaTA | 10\.1016/j\.molcel\.2013\.02\.002 | Discovery of functional toxin/antitoxin systems in bacteria by shotgun cloning The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named SanaTA system to the Sberro et al. toxin/antitoxin shotgun-cloning paper.
SanaTA system is a phage defense system rdfs:subClassOf
SanaTA system possession is a phage-defense-system trait.
- DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.002 Infection experiments with T7 phage showed that two of the new modules can provide resistance against phage. Sberro et al. connect newly discovered toxin-antitoxin modules to phage resistance in T7 infection experiments.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md SanaTA | 10\.1016/j\.molcel\.2013\.02\.002 | Discovery of functional toxin/antitoxin systems in bacteria by shotgun cloning The DefenseFinder article registry maps the named SanaTA system to the Sberro et al. toxin/antitoxin shotgun-cloning paper.

Provenance

Identifier source: TraitMech local identifier
Definition source: DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.002

Parent traits (1)

phage defense system traitmech:000209

Synonyms (4)

sanaTA RELATED_SYNONYM · DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.02.002
SanaTA RELATED_SYNONYM · https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md
SanaTA__SanaA RELATED_SYNONYM · https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md
SanaTA__SanaT RELATED_SYNONYM · https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md

kg-microbe context

No kg-microbe node embedding matched this record in the 2026-04-25 deepwalk.

Discussions and Knowledge Gaps (1)

Open questions attached to this trait. Seeded by just knowledge-gap-scan and curated; see the corpus-wide index.

Resolve SanaTA native host breadth, SanaA/SanaT molecular activities, T7 Gp4.5/Lon anti-defense logic, and the SanaTA__SanaT_1 profile before minting narrower SanaTA mechanism children.

KNOWLEDGE GAP OPEN sanata-host-trigger-profile-gap · raised by codex · 2026-09-25

Attached to causal_graphs#sanata_locus_restricts_t7_mutants

Sberro et al. support sanaTA as a Shewanella sp. ANA-3 two-gene toxin-antitoxin family that confers resistance to T7 phage mutants lacking gene 4.5 when expressed in Escherichia coli, and DefenseFinder models SanaTA with SanaTA__SanaA and SanaTA__SanaT. This first system-level record leaves the natural host range, SanaA/SanaT activities, T7 Gp4.5/Lon counter-defense sequence, and the extra non-rule SanaTA__SanaT_1 HMM unresolved.

Evidence

PMID:23478446
Since the sanaTA system provides resistance to the T7Δ4.5 mutant phage but not to the WT T7 phage, we hypothesized that the 4.5 gene codes for an anti-defense mechanism that overcomes the abortive infection imposed by the TA system.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv
SanaTA SanaTA 2 2 SanaTA__SanaA, SanaTA__SanaT

Curation history

2026-09-25T06:02:46Z · MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID · codex
Minted SanaTA system as a DOI-backed GENOMICS TraitRecord under phage defense system after an ignored-and-hidden duplicate review found no exact live TraitMech, METPO, history, or prior proposal record; the replacement placeholder is reserved in proposals/metpo_traitmech_v250.
2026-09-25T06:20:44Z · REVIEW_CANONICAL_EXAMPLE_EVIDENCE_GAP · codex
Reviewed SanaTA during canonical-example issue 444 enforcement and left canonical_examples empty because the source validates a broad DefenseFinder toxin-antitoxin family in an Escherichia coli expression assay and does not establish a direct native host exemplar. No paid research was used.