ShosTA system

traitmech:000258 · CLASS · PROPOSED

A phage defense system in which an organism possesses a two-component ShosTA locus represented by ShosA and ShosT profiles that can protect bacteria from bacteriophage infection.

Trait evidence (6)

DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017
discovery of 21 defense systems that protect bacteria from phages, based on computational genomic analyses and phage-infection experiments

Millman et al. report the computational and experimental cohort that DefenseFinder cites for ShosTA as a bacterial anti-phage system.
DOI:10.1101/2022.05.11.491447
discovery of 21 new defense systems that protect bacteria from phages, based on computational genomic analyses and phage infection experiments

The bioRxiv version of Millman et al. independently carries the 21-system discovery claim linked from DefenseFinder's ShosTA article registry.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md
ShosTA | 10\.1101/2022\.05\.11\.491447 | An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages

The DefenseFinder model registry maps the named ShosTA system to the Millman et al. antiphage-system discovery preprint.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv
ShosTA ShosTA 2 2 ShosTA__ShosA, ShosTA__ShosT

The DefenseFinder rules table models ShosTA with ShosA and ShosT profiles.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md
ShosTA__ShosA | ShosTA__ShosA | ShosTA

The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records ShosA as a ShosTA profile.
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/Liste_hmm_system.md
ShosTA__ShosT | ShosTA__ShosT | ShosTA

The DefenseFinder HMM inventory records ShosT as a ShosTA profile.

ShosTA loci confer bacterial phage defense

Conservative system-level sketch linking possession of a ShosTA locus to restricted bacteriophage propagation without asserting the unresolved phage trigger or molecular output.

NONMECHANISTIC · The graph captures ShosTA as a named anti-phage system with the required DefenseFinder ShosA and ShosT profiles while leaving its phage trigger, molecular substrate, antiviral effector output, and subtype breadth unresolved.

Edge evidence

ShosTA locus contributes to restricted phage propagation RO:0002326
DefenseFinder maps ShosTA to a bacterial anti-phage-system discovery preprint and represents ShosTA loci through ShosA and ShosT component profiles.
- DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017 discovery of 21 defense systems that protect bacteria from phages Millman et al. describe the anti-phage discovery cohort that the DefenseFinder ShosTA registry row maps to the ShosTA system.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md ShosTA | 10\.1101/2022\.05\.11\.491447 | An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages The DefenseFinder registry maps ShosTA itself to the Millman et al. bacterial antiphage-system discovery preprint.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/DefenseFinder_rules.tsv ShosTA ShosTA 2 2 ShosTA__ShosA, ShosTA__ShosT The DefenseFinder rules table supports both ShosA and ShosT as required ShosTA system profiles.
restricted phage propagation confers ShosTA system METPO:2007700
ShosTA-mediated phage restriction realizes the ShosTA system trait.
- DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017 discovery of 21 defense systems that protect bacteria from phages Millman et al. place the ShosTA discovery cohort in the set of bacterial systems that protect against phages.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md ShosTA | 10\.1101/2022\.05\.11\.491447 | An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages DefenseFinder records ShosTA as a named system from the Millman et al. antiphage discovery preprint.
ShosTA system is a phage defense system rdfs:subClassOf
ShosTA system possession is a phage-defense-system trait.
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md An expanding arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages DefenseFinder associates ShosTA with the Millman et al. bacterial antiphage-system discovery paper.

Provenance

Identifier source: TraitMech local identifier
Definition source: DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017

Parent traits (1)

phage defense system traitmech:000209

Synonyms (1)

ShosTA EXACT_SYNONYM · https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mdmparis/defense-finder-models/afb0e5a8b466be53586b13266f5d38d98c3ac268/List_system_article.md

kg-microbe context

No kg-microbe node embedding matched this record in the 2026-04-25 deepwalk.

Discussions and Knowledge Gaps (1)

Open questions attached to this trait. Seeded by just knowledge-gap-scan and curated; see the corpus-wide index.

Resolve ShosTA phage triggers and effector outputs before minting narrower ShosTA mechanism children.

KNOWLEDGE GAP OPEN shosta-mechanism-gap · raised by codex · 2026-09-19

Attached to causal_graphs#shosta_locus_restricts_phage

Millman et al. and DefenseFinder support ShosTA as a named anti-phage system with required ShosA and ShosT profiles, but the trigger, molecular substrate, antiviral effector output, and subtype-specific mechanism are not resolved enough here to assert a narrower mechanistic child trait.

Curation history

2026-09-19T01:24:12Z · MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID · codex
Minted ShosTA system as a DOI-backed GENOMICS TraitRecord under phage defense system after an ignored-and-hidden duplicate review found no exact live TraitMech, METPO, or prior proposal record; the replacement placeholder is reserved in proposals/metpo_traitmech_v135.