fungal nematode endoparasitism

traitmech:000727 · CLASS · PROPOSED

An animal-pathogenic phenotype in which a fungus uses spores attached to or ingested by a vermiform nematode to initiate infection and then grows inside the host.

Trait evidence (3)

  • DOI:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006017
    Drechmeria coniospora is an obligate fungal pathogen that infects nematodes via the adhesion of specialized spores to the host cuticle.

    Lebrigand et al. 2016, PMID:27153332, PMCID:PMC4859500, scientific Abstract. Direct JATS match and native VERIFIED. Author Summary and Discussion distinguish spore-initiated endoparasitism from hyphal traps and egg infection. Actual Figures 8 and 9 show recombinant fungal growth in C. elegans, not unmodified natural exemplars. S1 Text was fully read and visually checked: the laboratory line was serially passaged for about 15 years; its source isolate and ARSEF 6962 share provenance. Obligate is the authors' species description, not a universal class requirement or inability to grow on their artificial medium. Predicted genes and expression are not a universal mechanism.

  • DOI:10.3390/jof10010068
    Then, the fungal hyphae penetrate into the nematode body cavity and grow in the nematode body

    Sun et al. 2024, PMID:38248977, PMCID:PMC10820206, Results 3.2. Direct JATS match; native NOT_IN_ABSTRACT retained. Methods 2.5 and actual Figure 2c,d concern GFP-engineered HR-eGFP1 on Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; Figure 2 distinguishes attachment, entry, internal growth and emergence. The entire two-page supplement, including S1-S3, was inspected. Methods 2.6 scores attached spores or colonization as parasitism; no rate is imported as an internal-infection rate. Main-text intestinal infection after swallowing is tentative; do not silently strengthen it using the supplement caption. No field efficacy or safety is inferred.

  • DOI:10.1017/S0953756296002092
    The infection method for Harposporium cycloides was shown to be by spore ingestion.

    Glockling and Shimazu 1997, publisher scientific Abstract. Direct contiguous HTML match; DOI/title confirmed by Crossref and Europe PMC AGR:IND20619532. The native abstract resolver returned UNRESOLVED because it returned no abstract; this is not a missing-index claim. The primary abstract reports spore-ingestion infection in Harposporium cycloides and infectivity testing after pure culture. Full Methods, figures and host/strain provenance were not accessed; no canonical taxon, dose, route universality or pure-culture obligacy is inferred.

Provenance

Identifier source
TraitMech local identifier
Definition source
DOI:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006017

Parent traits (1)

kg-microbe context

No kg-microbe node embedding matched this record in the 2026-04-25 deepwalk.

Discussions and Knowledge Gaps (3)

Open questions attached to this trait. Seeded by just knowledge-gap-scan and curated; see the corpus-wide index.

Refine the infection-strategy hierarchy without conflating infection, trapping and feeding.

CURATION TODO OPEN fungal-nematode-endoparasitism-scope-and-hierarchy · raised by codex · 2026-10-14

Not yet attached to a section of this record — a curator sets attaches_to (e.g. causal_graphs#some_edge) so the gap shows beside the mechanism it concerns.

The fungal bearer has the established spore-infection-strategy phenotype, not merely an anatomical location inside a nematode. The host-contacting or ingested spore is the infectious unit; spore germination into an external hyphal trap is not this route. Adhesion or ingestion alone, killing alone, internal occupancy without the specified route and sequence annotation are insufficient. Vermiform stages distinguish the selected strategy from eggshell penetration in fungal nematode egg parasitism traitmech:000726. Fungal nematophagy traitmech:000719 requires feeding and includes dead prey; fungal nematode trap formation traitmech:000718 concerns hyphal differentiation. Neither is asserted as a parent. Local parasitism traitmech:000043 inherits persistent symbiosis, not required here. Animal pathogen METPO:1004002 is active below pathogenic to host METPO:1004000 and phenotype METPO:1000059. Current upstream clarifies its pinned organism-like wording as a phenotype; the local parent remains unchanged. No organism-level disjointness, exclusive host stage, universal host range or obligacy is asserted. Bare endoparasitism does not specify the fungal actor, host or infection route and is not an exact synonym.

Review the proposed infection class without reviving the obsolete parasitism identifier.

CURATION TODO OPEN fungal-nematode-endoparasitism-metpo-assessment · raised by codex · 2026-10-14

Not yet attached to a section of this record — a curator sets attaches_to (e.g. causal_graphs#some_edge) so the gap shows beside the mechanism it concerns.

No exact active counterpart was identified in inspected pinned/current releases, editor and six template owners. Historical METPO:1000227 obsolete parasitism is broader, deprecated, under ObsoleteClass with OMO:0001000 reason and no replacement or consider annotation in those releases. METPO issue 521 disputes mechanically assigned reasons; the code neither invalidates the biology nor authorizes reuse. The historical ID is not revived or placed in xrefs. The ontology pin remains unchanged; v603 proposes this narrower infection phenotype with PROPOSED status and no equivalent external xref. Existing bacterial endoparasitic predation is not this fungal spore-infection strategy.

Resolve assay endpoints and strain provenance before adding rates, canonical taxa or causal proteins.

KNOWLEDGE GAP OPEN fungal-nematode-endoparasitism-evidence-limits · raised by codex · 2026-10-14

Not yet attached to a section of this record — a curator sets attaches_to (e.g. causal_graphs#some_edge) so the gap shows beside the mechanism it concerns.

Sun's Methods 2.6 counts attached spores or colonization; reported parasitism percentages are not curated as internal infection rates. Its imaged HR-eGFP1 is engineered, and morphological similarity to the wild type does not establish unchanged virulence. Its intestinal-route suggestion remains tentative; the distinct 1997 primary abstract supports ingestion in Harposporium cycloides. Lebrigand's S1 Text reports long laboratory passage and related isolate provenance, so these are not independent natural-strain exemplars. Predicted genes, expression and disputed assembly or mating-type interpretations are not required causal effectors. No canonical taxa, proteins or causal graph are asserted without further authority and strain-provenance work. Microscopy does not measure nutrient flux; no quantitative threshold, field efficacy or safety is inferred. The verification sidecar retains actual source locators, hashes and native verdicts; direct matching does not upgrade NOT_IN_ABSTRACT or UNRESOLVED. Full Glockling Methods and all raw experimental data were not accessed, and bounded notice checks are not comprehensive correction/retraction clearance.

Curation history

  1. · MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID · codex

    Added fungal nematode endoparasitism with three primary DOI sources and directly matched 20-, 16- and 13-word excerpts. Retained native VERIFIED, NOT_IN_ABSTRACT and UNRESOLVED outcomes. Spore-initiated infection and internal growth are not adhesion alone, hyphal traps or egg infection. No rates, canonical taxa or sequence-derived mechanism imported. Reserved 000727, v603 and 1068000-1068099 after ignored/hidden current-copy, retained-history and open/draft PR checks, including full-content proposal ranges. A ChemSpider identifier and broad editor envelopes are not METPO reservations. Other records unchanged; timestamp records observed acceptance.

Recorded curation sessions

  • · codex
    • CREATE — Add fungal nematode endoparasitism

      Added one PROPOSED fungal spore-infection phenotype in vermiform nematodes with subsequent internal growth. Lebrigand 2016 supplies definition authority; Sun 2024 supports imaged internal growth and Glockling and Shimazu 1997 supports spore ingestion. Direct 20/16/13-word excerpts preserve native VERIFIED, NOT_IN_ABSTRACT and UNRESOLVED outcomes. Selected actual figures and two complete supplements were inspected. Attachment-only scores, tentative intestinal-route claims, engineered and laboratory-passaged strains remain qualified; no infection rates, canonical taxa, causal proteins, universal obligacy or safety claims are imported. Ignored/hidden current-copy, retained-history and open/draft PR checks identified no exact counterpart in the documented scope. A ChemSpider identifier and broad editor envelopes are not METPO reservations. Reserved 000727, v603 and the full 1068000-1068099 block. The trait timestamp records observed acceptance; this later event records CREATE. Existing records including protected spore germination remain unchanged.

    Read this curation session