pathogenic to host

Edge evidence

• virulence factors enables host colonization RO:0002327

  Virulence factors enable adhesion, immune evasion, and tissue invasion required for host colonization.

  • DOI:10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162938 virulence factors Supports virulence factors as enablers of host colonization.
• protein secretion systems delivers virulence factors

  Bacterial protein secretion systems deliver effector virulence factors into host environments or host cells.

  • DOI:10.1038/nrmicro1592 secretion systems Supports secretion systems as delivery machinery for effectors.
• host colonization enables host damage RO:0002327

  Established host colonization enables sustained damage to host tissues.

  • DOI:10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162938 virulence factors Supports the colonization-to-damage progression characteristic of pathogens.
• host damage manifests as pathogenic to host METPO:2007400

  Host damage manifests the pathogenic-to-host trait.

  • DOI:10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162938 virulence factors Supports the trait endpoint.
• quorum sensing autoinducers activates virulence gene expression RO:0002213

  Quorum-sensing autoinducers trigger sensor proteins that drive global virulence gene expression.

  • DOI:10.3390/ijms25052655 Autoinducers are hormone-like molecules triggering sensor proteins to mediate changes in global gene expression; QS controls virulence factor production.
• quorum sensing autoinducers promotes biofilm formation RO:0002213

  Quorum sensing is crucial for biofilm formation and maintenance.

  • DOI:10.1016/j.tcsw.2024.100133 QS is crucial for biofilm formation and maintenance.
• biofilm formation enables persistent infection RO:0002327

  Biofilm communities enable chronic/persistent infection of the host.

  • DOI:10.1016/j.tcsw.2024.100133 QS-driven biofilm formation and maintenance underlies persistent infection.
• biofilm extracellular matrix enables antibiotic tolerance RO:0002327

  The biofilm EPS matrix limits antimicrobial penetration and protects deeper-layer cells, increasing tolerance.

  • DOI:10.3390/bacteria3030008 EPS matrix protects deeper-layer cells from antimicrobials; biofilm bacteria increase resistance about 1000 fold (DOI:10.3390/ijms25052655).
• biofilm formation enables host immune evasion RO:0002327

  Biofilms help bacteria evade the host immune response, supporting chronic infection.

  • DOI:10.3390/antibiotics13070619 Biofilms help bacteria evade the immune response.
• polysaccharide capsule enables host immune evasion RO:0002327

  An antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule resists phagocytosis, aiding immune evasion.

  • DOI:10.58532/nbennurmmch1 An antiphagocytic capsule aids immune evasion; polysaccharide capsule resists phagocytosis to increase virulence.
• host immune evasion enables host colonization RO:0002327

  Evasion of host immune defenses permits sustained microbial growth within host tissues.

  • DOI:10.58532/nbennurmmch1 Immune evasion via antiphagocytic capsule supports establishment within the host.
• horizontal gene transfer contributes to virulence factors RO:0002326

  Horizontal gene transfer, recombination, and gene gain/loss drive acquisition of virulence-associated host-adaptation traits.

  • DOI:10.1093/femsre/fuae019 Horizontal gene transfer, gene acquisition and deletion, and genome rearrangements are major drivers of host adaptation.