Acetogenesis

Edge evidence

• Acetogenesis occurs in anaerobic condition biolink:occurs_in

  Acetogenesis is typically an anaerobic metabolism.

  • DOI:10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.08.012 grow organisms and work with enzymes under strictly oxygen-free conditions Review emphasizes oxygen-free handling for acetogenic enzymes and organisms.
• Acetogenesis has mechanistic pathway Wood-Ljungdahl pathway

  The Wood-Ljungdahl pathway is the central acetogenic carbon-fixation route.

  • DOI:10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.08.012 Wood-Ljungdahl Pathway of CO2 Fixation Review title and scope support pathway assignment.
• carbon dioxide participates in Wood-Ljungdahl pathway biolink:participates_in

  Carbon dioxide is fixed through the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway.

  • DOI:10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.08.012 CO2 Fixation Supports CO2 as a pathway substrate.
• carbon monoxide participates in Wood-Ljungdahl pathway biolink:participates_in

  Carbon monoxide can be converted through the acetogenic pathway.

  • DOI:10.1196/annals.1419.015 convert carbon dioxide and CO into acetyl-CoA Supports CO as a substrate for acetogenic acetyl-CoA synthesis.
• Wood-Ljungdahl pathway produces acetyl-CoA METPO:2000202

  The Wood-Ljungdahl pathway synthesizes acetyl-CoA.

  • DOI:10.1196/annals.1419.015 convert carbon dioxide and CO into acetyl-CoA Supports acetyl-CoA as pathway product.
• acetyl-CoA precursor of acetate

  Acetyl-CoA is converted onward to acetate in acetogenesis.

  • DOI:10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.08.012 Energy metabolism associated with acetogenesis Review discusses acetogenic energy metabolism downstream of acetyl-CoA synthesis.
• carbon dioxide is converted to formate

  CO2 is reduced to formate by formate dehydrogenase / HDCR, the first methyl-branch step.

  • DOI:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1395540 FDH reduces CO2 to formate; HDCR catalyzes hydrogen-dependent CO2 reduction to formate (methyl-branch core step).
• formate is converted to 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate

  Formate is condensed onto tetrahydrofolate by formyl-THF synthetase (Fhs).

  • DOI:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1395540 FTS (formyl-THF synthetase) converts formate to formyl-THF consuming 1 ATP; canonical WLP methyl-branch step.
• 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate is converted to 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate

  Formyl-THF is processed by cyclohydrolase and methylene-THF dehydrogenase (FolD) to methylene-THF.

  • DOI:10.34726/hss.2024.114566 5,10-methenyl-THF cyclohydrolase and NAD-dependent 5,10-methylene-THF dehydrogenase convert formyl-THF to methylene-THF.
• 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate is converted to 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate

  Methylene-THF is reduced to methyl-THF by methylene-THF reductase (MTHFR).

  • DOI:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1395540 MTHFR reduces methenyl-THF to methylene-THF to methyl-THF; common acetogen methyl-branch step.
• carbon dioxide is converted to carbon monoxide

  CO2 is reduced to CO by carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) in the carbonyl branch.

  • DOI:10.34726/hss.2024.114566 In the carbonyl branch CODH reduces CO2 to CO; central carbonyl-branch step.
• acetyl-CoA is converted to acetyl phosphate

  Acetyl-CoA is converted to acetyl phosphate by phosphotransacetylase (PTA).

  • DOI:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1395540 PTA and ACK convert acetyl-CoA to acetate; PTA yields acetyl phosphate.
• acetyl phosphate is converted to acetate

  Acetyl phosphate is converted to acetate by acetate kinase (ACK), yielding ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.

  • DOI:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1395540 ACK (acetate kinase) converts acetyl-phosphate to acetate, yielding ATP via SLP; trait-defining end-product step.
• acetyl phosphate produces ATP METPO:2000202

  The acetate kinase step generates ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation.

  • DOI:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1395540 ACK convert acetyl-phosphate to acetate, yielding ATP via SLP.