anisogamy

traitmech:000620 · CLASS · PROPOSED

A sexual-reproduction phenotype in which the fusing gametes belong to two types that differ in size, with smaller male and larger female gametes.

Trait evidence (4)

  • DOI:10.1038/s42003-018-0019-5
    Male and female gametes differing in size—anisogamy—emerged independently from isogamous ancestors in various eukaryotic lineages

    Hamaji et al. (2018), PMID:30271904, PMC6123790. Exact opening scientific-abstract clause checked in raw XML, not the separate editorial summary. Size dimorphism defines the phenotype; evolutionary origin is not part of this definition. Main text, Methods and captions were read and actual Figure 3 inspected: Eudorina gametes provide independent phenotype observations. Comparative MT architecture and RT-PCR expression do not demonstrate a gamete-size causal pathway. Results associate genomes with NIES-4100/4018, whereas Methods name NIES-3985/3984 for sequencing and the former sibling strains for other experiments. This unresolved discrepancy prevents strain-to-assembly inference here. Other actual figures and supplements remain unread.

  • DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-14-37
    Obligately anisogamous conjugation between male and female motile gametes occurred outside the female colony (external fertilization during anisogamy).

    Nozaki et al. (2014), PMID:24589311, PMC4015742. Exact scientific-abstract Results sentence verified in raw XML. Main text and captions, actual Figure 3, and Additional file 2 Information S1/Table S1 were inspected. Sexual reproduction was observed in C. charkowiensis, not C. angeleri. Male length was 5-10 micrometers; female diameter 13-17 micrometers. These different measurements do not establish a volume ratio. Other actual figures, Additional file 1 and the remainder of Additional file 2 remain uninspected. Proposed evolutionary intermediacy is not demonstrated ancestry.

  • DOI:10.1186/s12915-024-01878-1
    Oogamy constitutes a specialized form of anisogamy wherein small male gametes are motile and large female gametes are not

    Lindsey et al. (2024), PMID:38600528, PMC11007952. Exact Background Sec1 clause before the parenthetical, checked in raw XML and publisher HTML. This supports broad terminology including oogamy, not a new gamete-fusion experiment. The scientific abstract and this scope paragraph were inspected; remaining analyses, actual figures and supplements were not audited. The quoted motility formulation is not imposed on all microbial anisogamy.

  • DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0181413
    physiological and behavioural anisogamy of more or less equal size gametes, each with sex-specific behaviour and morphology

    Kaczmarska et al. (2017), Discussion > Sexual reproduction and life history. This exact contiguous clause was checked in publisher HTML and manuscript XML. It documents alternative diatom terminology, not evidence that equal-sized gametes satisfy this record's size-dimorphism definition. That Discussion passage and the opening live-cell Results paragraphs were inspected; the latter describe sex-dependent motility. Remaining Results, actual figures, tables and supplements were not audited. No diatom canonical example or size measurement is inferred.

Provenance

Identifier source
TraitMech local identifier
Definition source
DOI:10.1038/s42003-018-0019-5

Parent traits (1)

kg-microbe context

No kg-microbe node embedding matched this record in the 2026-04-25 deepwalk.

Canonical examples (1)

Organisms cited as exemplars of this trait. Taxon ids are NCBITaxon and link out to the NCBI record.

  • Colemanosphaera charkowiensis NCBITaxon:51706 DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-14-37 Source-observed reference example, not a claim about every strain. Figure 3 shows mixed 2013-0615-IC-3/4/7 cultures and male 2010-0713-E5; mating generally occurred after two days in nitrogen-deficient medium. Table S1 traces IC-3/4/7 to a natural water sample near Lake Isanuma. Collection provenance was checked at https://mcc.nbrp.jp/strainList.do?strainNumber=NIES-3388 (IC-7), https://mcc.nbrp.jp/strainList.do?strainNumber=NIES-3386 (IC-3) and https://mcc.nbrp.jp/strainList.do?strainNumber=NIES-3387 (IC-4). IC-3/4 collection and isolation dates conflict; no date is silently corrected. IC-7's 2018 axenic status is not projected onto 2014. Taxon label verified at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=51706 on 2026-10-05. Collection fields support provenance, not independent experimental replication.

Discussions and Knowledge Gaps (2)

Open questions attached to this trait. Seeded by just knowledge-gap-scan and curated; see the corpus-wide index.

Preserve broad size-dimorphism scope and distinguish motility conventions.

CURATION TODO OPEN anisogamy-scope-and-hierarchy · raised by codex · 2026-10-05

Not yet attached to a section of this record — a curator sets attaches_to (e.g. causal_graphs#some_edge) so the gap shows beside the mechanism it concerns.

Use anisogamy in the broad size-dimorphism sense, including oogamy, as explicitly stated by Lindsey et al. (2024). Nozaki et al. (2014) instead distinguish anisogamy with flagellated female gametes from oogamy in their four-type classification. This is a terminology difference, not evidence that the phenotypes are disjoint. Motility of both gametes and external fertilization describe the canonical example, not universal requirements. The definition compares gamete types, not incidental size variation within a type, vegetative-versus-gamete size, or mating compatibility. Isogamy traitmech:000619, unisexual reproduction traitmech:000613 and fungal mating systems traitmech:000615 through traitmech:000618 describe distinct scopes. No numerical threshold or organism-level disjointness is asserted. Use phenotype METPO:1000059 pending a narrower reproductive-phenotype hierarchy; PHYSIOLOGY is a filesystem category. Oogamy traitmech:000621 now supplies the size-dimorphic child with large nonmotile female gametes. Its evidence explicitly preserves nonmotile male exceptions rather than imposing a universal motility convention. Verify lexical/external mappings and a narrower reproductive parent before adding them. Kaczmarska et al. (2017), DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0181413, also use physiological/behavioural anisogamy for approximately equal-sized gametes in diatoms. That usage is not equivalent to the size-based sense selected here: behavioural or physiological differences alone do not establish gamete-type size dimorphism. Do not map that usage as an exact synonym or infer organism-level disjointness; its relationship needs separate scope review.

Resolve size-control mechanisms and strain discrepancies before extension.

CURATION TODO OPEN anisogamy-mechanism-and-provenance · raised by codex · 2026-10-05

Not yet attached to a section of this record — a curator sets attaches_to (e.g. causal_graphs#some_edge) so the gap shows beside the mechanism it concerns.

The observed gamete phenotype is not a literal MID locus, a sequence profile, an expanded mating-type region, or an expression signature. Comparative genomic associations and the proposed evolutionary role of MID do not justify causal edges for size dimorphism. Resolve native protein accessions and perturbation evidence before a causal graph; no NONMECHANISTIC graph bypasses this gap. Keep the 2018 Results/Methods strain mismatch unresolved until primary metadata reconciles it. Collection date conflicts do not invalidate the directly observed 2014 phenotype, but constrain strain-history claims. A collection's blank mutation field is not proof of an unmutated genome. Read remaining source material before quantitative or evolutionary extensions; preserve actual abstract-resolver verdicts separately from manual full-text checks.

Curation history

  1. · MINTED_TRAITMECH_ID · codex

    Added anisogamy with three DOI-backed sources and verbatim snippets, broad size-dimorphism scope, and a provenance-qualified canonical Colemanosphaera charkowiensis example. Ignored-and-hidden novelty and allocation searches found no exact record or collision. Reserved METPO:1057400 in v497 under phenotype. Retained motility conventions and strain discrepancies explicitly; deferred lexical mappings, a narrower parent and unproven causal mechanisms.

  2. · QUALIFIED_TRAIT_SCOPE · codex

    Addressed #1711 by citing directly inspected diatom terminology and distinguishing behavioural/physiological anisogamy from the selected size-based sense. Added a verbatim scope snippet and inspection limits; preserved definition, canonical example and unresolved mechanism/hierarchy questions.

  3. · LINKED_NARROWER_TRAIT · codex

    Replaced the future oogamy-child TODO with traitmech:000621 and its qualified motility scope. Preserved the broad size-based definition, evidence, canonical example, parent and remaining open mapping questions.