PHYSIOLOGY (164)

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active DNase enzymes that hydrolyze DNA.

An autophagy phenotype in which a microbial cell selectively degrades portions of its endoplasmic reticulum by delivering them to lysosomal or vacuolar compartments.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases that interconvert primary or secondary alcohols with aldehydes or ketones.

A stress response in which RecA/LexA-mediated sensing of DNA damage derepresses an SOS regulon that coordinates DNA repair, damage tolerance, transient division arrest, and mutagenic survival functions.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active acid phosphatase enzymes that dephosphorylate phosphate-containing compounds under acidic conditions.

A photoheterotrophy in which aerobic heterotrophic bacteria use bacteriochlorophyll-containing reaction centers to harvest light as auxiliary energy while requiring organic carbon substrates for growth.

A motile phenotype in which active locomotion is directionally biased along an oxygen concentration gradient toward preferred oxygen conditions.

A phenotype in which polarized growth is directionally biased in response to a spatial oxygen concentration gradient.

An autophagy phenotype in which a microbial cell selectively degrades protein aggregates through macroautophagic delivery to lysosomal or vacuolar compartments.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell exhibits alanine arylamidase/alanyl aminopeptidase activity, releasing N-terminal residues from peptide, amide, or arylamide substrates with preference for alanine.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active alkaline phosphatase enzymes that dephosphorylate phosphate-containing compounds.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell exhibits chymotrypsin-like serine endopeptidase activity, preferentially cleaving peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, or leucine residues.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active alpha-fucosidase enzymes that hydrolyze alpha-L-fucosides to L-fucose and an alcohol.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active alpha-galactosidase enzymes that hydrolyze alpha-1,6-linked galactose residues in oligosaccharides and polymeric galactomannans.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active alpha-glucosidase enzymes that hydrolyze alpha-glucosidic bonds in alpha-D-glucosides.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active alpha-mannosidase enzymes that hydrolyze terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active amylolytic enzymes that hydrolyze starch.

A sexual-reproduction phenotype in which the fusing gametes belong to two types that differ in size, with smaller male and larger female gametes.

A physiological capacity to grow in the presence of antibiotic concentrations that inhibit susceptible cells, mediated by efflux, target modification, drug inactivation, or reduced permeability.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell exhibits arginine arylamidase/arginyl aminopeptidase activity, releasing N-terminal arginine or lysine residues from peptides or hydrolyzing arginine and lysine arylamides.

A physiological pathway-activity phenotype in which a cell converts L-arginine through the arginine deiminase pathway to generate ATP.

A sexual-reproduction phenotype in which two meiotically derived gametic nuclei formed within one unpaired, undivided cell fuse with each other, without fusion of separate gametes.

A reproductive phenotype in which the reduction of reproductive nuclear ploidy is prevented or compensated and progeny derive their reproductive nuclei solely from products of one meiotically dividing cell or their descendants.

An autophagy phenotype in which a microbial cell degrades intracellular glycogen by delivering it to lysosomal or vacuolar compartments.

A physiological phenotype in which a microbial cell degrades intracellular material, including its own constituents or intracellular non-self cargo, by delivering that material to lysosomal or vacuolar compartments.

A trophic type in which an organism produces organic compounds from inorganic carbon sources (primarily carbon dioxide or bicarbonate) using energy from light (photoautotrophy) or from the oxidation of inorganic compounds (chemoautotrophy).

A physiological trait in which bacteria produce bacteriocins, ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides or proteins that kill or inhibit other bacteria.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase enzymes that hydrolyze terminal, non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active beta-galactosidase enzymes that hydrolyze lactose into glucose and galactose.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active beta-glucosidase enzymes that hydrolyze beta-D-glucosidic bonds in beta-D-glucosides.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active beta-glucuronidase enzymes that hydrolyze beta-D-glucuronosides to D-glucuronate and an alcohol.

A physiological capability to emit visible light through a luciferase-catalyzed reaction, frequently regulated by quorum sensing in marine bacteria such as Aliivibrio and Photobacterium.

A fungal mating phenotype in which compatibility between partners is governed by a single segregating mating-type factor.

A trophic type in which an organism derives energy from the oxidation of carbon monoxide.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active carboxylesterase enzymes that hydrolyze carboxylic esters to alcohols and carboxylates.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active caseinase proteases that hydrolyze casein.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces catalase, which decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen; it is the basis of the diagnostic catalase test.

A physiology trait in which intracellular gas vesicles reduce a microbial cell's effective density enough to provide buoyancy and vertical positioning in the water column.

A trophic type in which an organism uses chemical oxidation of inorganic compounds as the energy source and carbon dioxide as the primary carbon source for biosynthesis.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from carbon dioxide.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains both energy and carbon from organic compounds.

A motile phenotype in which swimming speed changes in response to chemical concentration, without requiring directional bias along a chemical gradient.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds (lithotrophy) and carbon from carbon dioxide.

A trophic type characterized by the use of inorganic chemical compounds as electron donors for energy generation while utilizing organic compounds as the primary carbon source.

A trophic type characterized by the use of inorganic chemical compounds as electron donors and carbon dioxide as the primary carbon source for energy generation and biosynthesis.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains both energy and carbon from organic compounds through oxidation.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains energy through chemical oxidation of organic compounds that also serve as the carbon source for biosynthesis.

A behavioral physiology in which cells bias their movement toward attractants or away from repellents by modulating flagellar motor switching in response to chemical gradients.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains energy from chemical oxidation of either inorganic or organic compounds.

A phenotype in which polarized growth is directionally biased in response to a spatial chemical gradient.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces coagulase factors that activate prothrombin and convert fibrinogen to fibrin, clotting blood plasma.

A stress response in which a rapid temperature downshift induces nucleic-acid-binding cold-shock proteins and RNA-remodeling functions that preserve gene expression at low temperature.

A physiological phenotype in which microbial cells exchange outer-membrane lipids and proteins with other cells through direct intercellular contact.

A nutrient adaptation in which an organism thrives in environments with high nutrient concentrations, typically exhibiting rapid growth rates and utilizing diverse carbon sources.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active cystine arylamidase enzymes that hydrolyze cystine arylamide substrates.

A sexual-reproduction phenotype in which a paired cell self-fertilizes by fusion of its own gametic nuclei without exchanging gametic nuclei with its partner.

A reversible physiological state of greatly reduced metabolic activity that allows a cell to survive unfavorable conditions and later resuscitate, generating a microbial seed bank.

A motile phenotype in which active migration is directionally biased in response to a spatial gradient in substrate stiffness.

A physiological phenotype in which a microbial cell takes up extracellular material or plasma-membrane components into intracellular membrane-bound compartments by remodeling and internalizing its plasma membrane.

A motile phenotype in which directional locomotion is regulated by sensing changes in the electron transport system associated with cellular energy generation.

A physiological phenotype in which a microbial cell releases material from an intracellular membrane-bounded compartment to the cell exterior through a fusion pore between the compartment membrane and the plasma membrane.

A physiological phenotype in which microbial cells give rise to closed, cell-derived lipid-membrane vesicles in the extracellular space.

A motile phenotype in which an organism biases its active movement in response to an electric field.

A phenotype in which growth is directionally oriented or reoriented in response to an electric field.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell exhibits gamma-glutamyltransferase/glutathione-hydrolase activity, processing glutathione, glutathione-S-conjugates, or other N-terminal L-gamma-glutamyl substrates through a gamma-glutamyl-enzyme intermediate.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active gelatinase protease.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active glutamyl glutamic acid arylamidase enzymes that hydrolyze glutamyl-glutamic-acid arylamide substrates.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active glycine arylamidase enzymes that hydrolyze glycine arylamide substrates.

A motile phenotype in which the speed of active propulsion is modulated according to orientation relative to gravity.

A motile phenotype in which the direction of active swimming is biased relative to gravity.

A phenotype in which growth is directionally oriented or reoriented in response to gravity.

A motile phenotype in which the balance of gravitational and viscous torques biases an organism's swimming orientation.

A stress response in which acute heat stress induces heat-shock proteins that refold or degrade denatured proteins to restore protein homeostasis.

A fungal phenotype in which postfusion nonself recognition restricts the establishment or growth of viable vegetative heterokaryons.

A fungal phenotype in which sexual reproduction requires a separate, compatible mating partner.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains carbon from organic compounds rather than from carbon dioxide.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active histidine arylamidase enzymes that hydrolyze histidine arylamide substrates.

A stress response in which an organism remodels membrane lipid composition to maintain a functional membrane viscosity and fluidity when temperature changes perturb lipid packing.

A fungal phenotype enabling a culture founded from a single spore to reproduce sexually in isolation from a mating partner.

A trophic type in which an organism uses molecular hydrogen as an electron donor for energy generation and carbon dioxide as the primary carbon source.

A phenotype in which vegetative fungal hyphae fuse to establish cytoplasmic continuity.

A sexual-reproduction phenotype in which the fusing gametes are similar in size.

A physiological phenotype in which a microbial organism selectively retains and uses nuclei acquired from prey.

A physiological phenotype in which a microbial organism selectively retains plastids acquired from algal prey after discarding or digesting other prey components.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active lecithinases that hydrolyze lecithin or phosphatidylcholine.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active leucine arylamidase enzymes that hydrolyze leucine arylamide substrates.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active leucyl-glycine arylamidase enzymes that hydrolyze leucyl-glycine arylamide substrates.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active lipases that hydrolyze triglycerides at lipid-water interfaces.

An autophagy phenotype in which a microbial cell degrades its lipid droplets by delivering them to lysosomal or vacuolar compartments.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains energy from inorganic electron donors and carbon from carbon dioxide.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds while using organic compounds as the primary carbon source for biosynthesis.

A trophic type in which an organism uses inorganic compounds as electron donors for energy generation.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active lysine decarboxylase enzymes that decarboxylate L-lysine to cadaverine and carbon dioxide.

A physiological phenotype in which a microbial organism internalizes bulk extracellular fluid by closing actin-driven plasma-membrane ruffles into large intracellular vesicles.

A behavioral physiology in which magnetosome-bearing motile cells align with geomagnetic field lines and navigate along that axis.

A fungal phenotype enabling conversion from one mating type to another, either reversibly or irreversibly.

A trophic type in which an organism uses methane as the primary carbon and energy source through oxidation of methane to carbon dioxide.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains energy and carbon from reduced one-carbon compounds.

An autophagy phenotype in which a microbial cell selectively degrades its mitochondria by delivering them to lysosomal or vacuolar compartments.

A trophic type in which an organism can use both organic and inorganic carbon sources for growth.

A physiological phenotype in which a microbial organism feeds by aspirating prey cell contents through a localized feeding connection rather than engulfing the prey whole.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active phosphohydrolases that hydrolyze naphthol-AS-BI-phosphate substrates.

A physiological state in which a cell takes up free extracellular DNA from the environment and integrates it into its genome (natural genetic transformation).

A phenotype in which germ-tube emergence or hyphal extension is directionally biased away from neighboring cells or hyphae of the same species.

An autophagy phenotype in which a microbial cell degrades parts of its nucleus or an entire nucleus by delivering nuclear material to lysosomal or vacuolar compartments.

A trophic type that involves an organism's physiological and metabolic adaptations to specific nutrient availability.

A nutrient adaptation characterized by the ability to thrive in environments with very low nutrient concentrations, typically possessing efficient nutrient uptake and utilization systems.

A sexual-reproduction phenotype in which large nonmotile female gametes fuse with smaller male gametes.

A trophic type characterized by the use of organic compounds as both electron donors and primary carbon sources for energy generation and biosynthesis.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains energy from the oxidation of organic compounds.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active ornithine decarboxylase enzymes that decarboxylate L-ornithine to putrescine and carbon dioxide.

A motile phenotype in which active locomotion produces net migration in response to a spatial gradient in external osmotic conditions.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces a terminal respiratory oxidase (notably cytochrome c oxidase); it is the basis of the diagnostic oxidase test.

A stress response that defends the cell against reactive oxygen species (e.g. superoxide and hydrogen peroxide) through detoxifying enzymes, regulators, and damage-repair systems.

A motile phenotype in which active locomotion is directionally biased in response to an external pH gradient.

A phenotype in which polarized growth is directionally biased in response to a spatial gradient of external pH.

A sexual-reproduction phenotype in which two gametes produced by division within a single gametangium fuse with each other.

A physiological phenotype in which a microbial organism feeds by enveloping all or part of particulate food in an extruded membranous pallium, digesting it outside the main cell body, and taking up released nutrients.

A fungal phenotype enabling genetic reassortment through nuclear fusion followed by chromosome-loss-mediated ploidy reduction instead of conventional meiosis.

Formation of dormant phenotypic variants (persister cells) that are transiently tolerant to antibiotics and other lethal stresses without carrying genetic resistance, arising stochastically in a population.

An autophagy phenotype in which a microbial cell selectively degrades its peroxisomes by delivering them to lysosomal or vacuolar compartments.

A physiological phenotype in which a microbial cell engulfs extracellular particles by enclosing them within its membrane and internalizes them into membrane-bound compartments.

A physiological phenotype in which a microbial organism ingests particulate food and assimilates nutrients derived from that food.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active phenylalanine arylamidase enzymes that hydrolyze phenylalanine arylamide substrates.

A trophic type characterized by the use of light as the energy source and carbon dioxide as the primary carbon source for biosynthesis.

A trophic type in which an organism uses light as the energy source and organic compounds as the primary carbon source for biosynthesis.

A motile phenotype in which the speed of active locomotion changes in response to illumination intensity, without requiring orientation toward or away from the light source.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains energy from light and carbon from carbon dioxide using inorganic electron donors.

A trophic type in which an organism uses light as the energy source and inorganic compounds as electron donors, typically with carbon dioxide as the primary carbon source.

A trophic type in which an organism obtains energy from light and carbon from organic compounds.

A motile phenotype in which active locomotion is directionally biased toward or away from a light source in response to illumination.

A trophic type characterized by the use of light as the primary energy source for metabolic processes, regardless of carbon source.

A phenotype in which growth is directionally oriented or reoriented toward or away from a light source in response to illumination.

A physiological phenotype in which a microbial organism internalizes surrounding extracellular fluid and dissolved material into membrane-bound compartments formed from its plasma membrane.

A phenotype in which germ-tube emergence or hyphal extension is directionally biased toward neighboring cells or hyphae of the same species.

A homothallic fungal phenotype enabling self-fertile sexual reproduction through compatible mating-type determinants co-resident in one genome, without requiring mating-type switching.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active prolyl aminopeptidases that release N-terminal proline residues from peptides.

An autophagy phenotype in which a microbial cell degrades its proteasomes or proteasome subcomplexes by delivering them to lysosomal or vacuolar compartments.

A fungal mating-system phenotype in which pheromone/receptor and homeodomain compatibility loci are physically linked on the same chromosome but can recombine during meiosis, generating new mating-type combinations.

A fungal phenotype enabling a sexual spore carrying separate nuclei of compatible mating types to establish a self-fertile heterokaryotic culture.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active nicotinamidase/pyrazinamidase enzymes that hydrolyze nicotinamide and can convert pyrazinamide to pyrazinoic acid.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active pyrrolidonyl arylamidase enzymes that release N-terminal pyroglutamyl groups from peptide substrates.

A cell-density-dependent regulatory physiology in which cells produce, release, and detect diffusible autoinducer signals to coordinate gene expression across a population.

A motile phenotype in which fluid velocity gradients bias an organism's self-propelled movement.

A phenotype in which growth is directionally oriented or reoriented in response to fluid flow.

An autophagy phenotype in which a microbial cell selectively degrades mature ribosomes or their subunits through macroautophagic delivery to lysosomal or vacuolar compartments.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active serine arylamidase enzymes that hydrolyze serine arylamide substrates.

A physiological trait in which bacteria biosynthesize and release siderophores that scavenge extracellular iron for uptake.

The physiological process by which a dormant spore exits dormancy and resumes vegetative growth in response to germinant signals, including release of dipicolinic acid and rehydration of the spore core.

A physiological program by which a cell senses and mounts a protective response to environmental or cellular stress, such as the RpoS-mediated general stress response of enteric bacteria.

A fungal mating phenotype in which compatibility between partners is governed by two independently segregating mating-type factors and requires different specificities at both factors.

A motile phenotype in which an organism biases its active movement in response to a temperature gradient.

A phenotype in which polarized growth is directionally reoriented in response to physical contact with surface topography.

A fungal mating-system phenotype in which sexual reproduction occurs between a partner with pheromone/receptor and homeodomain determinants linked in one mating-type region and a partner with those determinants in two unlinked regions.

A physiological phenotype in which a microbial organism removes and takes up discrete portions of another living cell during direct contact instead of engulfing that cell whole.

A phenotype that is describing how an organism obtains carbon, energy, and electron donors for growth and metabolism.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell exhibits trypsin-like serine endopeptidase activity, preferentially cleaving peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of arginine or lysine residues.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active tyrosine arylamidase enzymes that hydrolyze tyrosine arylamide substrates.

A physiological phenotype in which a eukaryotic microbial cell delivers protein cargo to the plasma membrane or extracellular space by a route that bypasses part or all of the conventional endoplasmic-reticulum-Golgi-plasma-membrane secretory itinerary.

A fungal phenotype enabling sexual or parasexual reproduction with genetic contribution from only one mating type.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces urease, which hydrolyzes urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide, typically raising local pH; it is the basis of the diagnostic urease test.

A physiological enzyme-activity phenotype in which a cell produces active valine arylamidase enzymes that hydrolyze valine arylamide substrates.

A dormancy state in which cells remain viable and minimally metabolically active but lose the ability to grow on routine culture media, regaining culturability upon resuscitation.

A motile phenotype in which active locomotion produces net migration in response to a spatial gradient in surrounding fluid viscosity.