viable but nonculturable state

Edge evidence

• environmental stress causes viable but nonculturable state biolink:causes

  Stress drives cells into the viable-but-nonculturable state.

  • DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00200.x Oliver reviews stress-induced entry into the VBNC state.
• dormancy process enables viable but nonculturable state RO:0002327

  The VBNC state is a form of microbial dormancy.

  • DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2504 Lennon & Jones frame VBNC within microbial dormancy.
• oxidative stress / ROS accumulation promotes viable but nonculturable state RO:0002213

  Oxidative stress / ROS accumulation promotes entry into the VBNC state.

  • DOI:10.3390/foods12061179 Oxidative stress is a major trigger: ROS increase during VBNC entry (review across foodborne pathogens, mechanistically broad).
• (p)ppGpp enhances stress resistance

  (p)ppGpp accumulation enhances stress resistance during VBNC.

  • DOI:10.3390/foods12061179 Accumulation of (p)ppGpp, enhancing stress resistance, supports the regulatory layer upstream of VBNC maintenance.
• stress resistance contributes to viable but nonculturable state RO:0002326

  Enhanced stress resistance supports maintenance of the VBNC state.

  • DOI:10.3390/foods12061179 Stress resistance enhanced via (p)ppGpp underlies persistence in the VBNC state.
• RpoS sigma factor required for resuscitation from VBNC

  RpoS is required for resuscitation from the VBNC state.

  • DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12010039 RpoS is expressed in VBNC cells and required for resuscitation; RpoS mutants fail to resuscitate.
• ATP promotes resuscitation from VBNC RO:0002213

  ATP availability promotes resuscitation efficiency from VBNC.

  • DOI:10.1016/j.jare.2023.08.002 Higher ATP levels correlated with higher resuscitation efficiency.
• ATP drives NAD+ biosynthesis

  Residual ATP drives NAD+ synthesis during the resuscitating lag phase.

  • DOI:10.1016/j.jare.2023.08.002 Part of cellular ATP is consumed during the lag phase to synthesize NAD+.
• NAD+ biosynthesis restores TCA cycle flux and oxidative phosphorylation

  NAD+ synthesis restores TCA cycle flux and oxidative phosphorylation during resuscitation.

  • DOI:10.1016/j.jare.2023.08.002 ATP-mediated NAD+ synthesis increases NAD+ availability, restoring TCA cycle flux and driving oxidative phosphorylation.