parasitism

Edge evidence

• host resource exploitation causes host fitness cost biolink:causes

  Sustained resource extraction reduces host fitness.

  • DOI:10.1038/s41579-021-00550-7 Drew et al. define parasitism as the harmful pole of the parasite-mutualist continuum.
• host fitness cost enables parasitism RO:0002327

  Chronic host fitness cost realizes the parasitic lifestyle.

  • DOI:10.1073/pnas.1218525110 McFall-Ngai et al. support host-exploitative associations as one outcome of the shared host-colonization toolkit.
• bacterial adhesin activity promotes host colonization RO:0002213

  Adhesin expression mediates adherence to host tissues, enabling colonization.

  • DOI:10.1093/femsre/fuae019 Barber & Fitzgerald 2024: bacterial adhesins are critical for adherence to host tissues.
• host colonization enables host resource exploitation RO:0002327

  Established colonization provides access to host resources for exploitation.

  • DOI:10.1093/femsre/fuae019 Barber & Fitzgerald 2024: host colonization is the basis for downstream host exploitation.
• siderophore secretion promotes host metal acquisition RO:0002213

  Secreted siderophores compete with host proteins for metals and are reacquired.

  • DOI:10.1093/femsre/fuae019 Barber & Fitzgerald 2024: siderophores compete with host proteins for metals; metal-bound siderophores reacquired.
• host metal acquisition part of host resource exploitation biolink:part_of

  Metal scavenging is one mode of acquiring resources from the host.

  • DOI:10.1093/femsre/fuae019 Barber & Fitzgerald 2024: nutrient/metal acquisition from host is a core exploitation mechanism.
• pathogen deubiquitinase activity promotes host ubiquitin pathway exploitation RO:0002213

  Pathogen DUBs exploit and manipulate ubiquitin-dependent host processes during infection.

  • DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1303072 Wehrmann & Vilchez 2023: DUBs are key factors exploiting/manipulating Ub-dependent host processes during infection.
• host ubiquitin pathway exploitation promotes host resource exploitation RO:0002213

  Manipulating host ubiquitin signaling supports microbe persistence and resource extraction.

  • DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1303072 Wehrmann & Vilchez 2023: manipulation of host Ub pathways supports infection establishment.
• hemoglobin/heme uptake part of host resource exploitation biolink:part_of

  Hemoglobin/heme uptake supplies nutrients enabling parasite survival in the host.

  • DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1150054 Reyes-Lopez et al. 2023: Hb and heme-uptake mechanisms allow protozoa to survive inside the host.
• high symbiont density in host tissues causes host fitness cost biolink:causes

  High symbiont densities in host tissues drive strong negative host effects, even death.

  • DOI:10.1002/ece3.11705 Hoffmann & Cooper 2024: high endosymbiont densities have particularly strong negative effects that can kill hosts.
• copper stress exacerbates host fitness cost

  Environmental copper stress exacerbates the pathogenic effects of parasitic symbionts on hosts.

  • DOI:10.1093/ismejo/wrae100 Shi et al. 2024: pathogenic effects of parasitic symbionts on hosts were exacerbated under copper stress.