extremely halophilic

Edge evidence

• hypersaline brine selects for extremely halophilic METPO:2007401

  Extreme halophiles are adapted to growth in hypersaline brines.

  • DOI:10.1093/femsre/fuy009 salt concentrations up to NaCl saturation Review supports saturated salt environments as extreme-halophile habitats.
• salt-in strategy uses potassium ion

  Extreme haloarchaea often balance osmotic pressure by accumulating intracellular KCl.

  • DOI:10.1093/femsre/fuy009 KCl accumulating Halobacterium salinarum Supports KCl accumulation as a model salt-in strategy.
• salt-in strategy enables extremely halophilic RO:0002327

  Maintaining high intracellular salt supports growth at extreme external salinity.

  • DOI:10.1038/srep25642 Salt-in strategy Haloarchaeal salinity-stress study describes salt-in adaptation in extreme halophiles.
• acidic halophilic proteins enables extremely halophilic RO:0002327

  Acidic proteins remain soluble and functional in high salt.

  • DOI:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.05.004 negatively charged due to an excess of acidic over basic residues Review supports acidic proteomes as a molecular adaptation to hypersaline cytoplasm.
• salt-in strategy requires adaptation of acidic halophilic proteins

  Intracellular salt accumulation requires proteins adapted to high ionic strength.

  • DOI:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.05.004 promote function in low water activity conditions Supports functional coupling between high-salt cytoplasm and salt-adapted proteins.
• hypersaline brine causes osmotic stress biolink:causes

  High external NaCl imposes osmotic stress on the cell.

  • DOI:10.1186/s12934-024-02358-5 NaCl shock induced osmotic stress; environmental-to-stress edge broadly applicable.
• osmotic stress induces potassium ion

  Osmotic stress triggers rapid intracellular K+ uptake/accumulation.

  • DOI:10.1186/s12934-024-02358-5 Many microbes rapidly uptake K+ as an emergency osmoadaptation response.
• Na+/H+ antiporter mediates sodium efflux

  Na+/H+ antiporters drive sodium exclusion from the cytoplasm.

  • DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12081738 Sodium exclusion is mediated largely by Na+/H+ antiporters (general haloarchaeal review).
• acidic halophilic proteins supports protein solubility and function in high salt

  Surface acidic residues maintain protein solubility and function at high ionic strength.

  • DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12081738 Halophilic proteins have increased surface acidic residues maintaining solubility and function in high salt.
• S-layer glycoprotein N-glycosylation supports S-layer stability

  N-glycosylation stabilizes the haloarchaeal S-layer.

  • DOI:10.3390/v15071469 N-glycosylation supports protein folding/stability and specifically stabilizes the S-layer.
• hypersaline brine changes S-layer glycoprotein N-glycosylation

  External salinity alters S-layer glycoprotein N-glycosylation pathways.

  • DOI:10.3390/v15071469 Growth at different salt concentrations alters S-layer glycoprotein N-glycosylation; two distinct pathways process it upon salinity changes.